Determination Of Thermal Conductivity Of Soils: A Need For Computing Heat Loss Through Buried Submarine Pipelines

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Rawat ◽  
S.L. Agarwal ◽  
A.A. Malhotra ◽  
S.K. Gulhati ◽  
G.V. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Loss

Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soils: A Need for Computing Heat Loss Through Buried Submarine Pipelines

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 558-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Rawat ◽  
S.L. Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Thermal Conductivities

Abstract An important parameter required for computing heat loss through buried submarine pipelines transporting crude oil is the thermal conductivity of soils. This paper describes an apparatus designed for determination of the thermal conductivity of soils at the desired moisture/ density condition in the laboratory under steady-state conditions. Experimental results on the three soils studied show that thermal conductivity increases as dry density increases at a constant moisture content and that it increases as water content increases at constant dry density. These results confirm the trends isolated earlier by Kersten. The experimental results are compared with the available empirical relationships. Kersten's relation is observed to predict the thermal conductivity of these soils reasonably. The predictions from Makowski and Mochlinski's relation (quoted by Szilas) are not good but improve if the sum of silt and clay fractions is treated as a clay fraction in the computation. Introduction Submarine pipelines are used extensively for transporting crude oil from offshore to other pipelines offshore or onshore. These pipelines usually are steel pipes covered with a coating of concrete. They often are buried some depth below the mudline. The rheological properties of different crude oils vary, and their viscosities increase with a decrease in temperature. Below some temperature, the liquid oil tends to gel. Therefore, for efficient transportation, the crude must be at a relatively high temperature so that it has a low viscosity. The temperature of the soil/water system surrounding a submarine pipeline is usually lower than that of oil. This temperature difference induces heat to flow from the oil to the environment, and the temperature of the oil decreases as it travels along the length of the pipeline. One must ensure that this temperature reduction does not exceed desirable limits dictated by the rheological properties of oil and by the imperatives of efficient economic properties of oil and by the imperatives of efficient economic transportation. Thus the analytical problem is to predict the temperature of crude in the pipeline some distance away from the input station. To do so, knowledge of the overall heat transfer coefficient for the pipeline is required, for which, in turn, it is necessary to know the thermal conductivities of the oil, the pipeline materials and its coating, and the soil. This paper presents thermal conductivities of soils determined in the laboratory under steady-state conditions and also presents a comparison of the test results of three soils with values determined from existing empirical relationships. Literature Review Heat moves spontaneously from higher to lower temperatures. In a completely dry porous body, transmission of heat can take place not only by conduction through the solid framework of the body and the air in the pores but also by convection and radiation between the walls of a pore and by macro- and microdistillation. In soils, however, it can be ascribed essentially to conduction, a molecular phenomenon that can be expressed in terms of experimentally determined coefficients of conductivity or resistivity, although these actually may include microdistillation and other mechanisms. SPEJ p. 558

Experimental Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Cortical Bone With Heat Loss Estimation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
JuEun Lee ◽  
Seon Jeong Huh ◽  
Hee Joon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Reference Material ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Experimental Measurement ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Temperature Offset ◽  
Numerical Program

This paper presents an experimental measurement of the thermal conductivity of bovine cortical bone by an improved parallel plate method to increase the accuracy of the measurement. An experimental apparatus was designed to measure the thermal conductivity of the cortical bone using a reference material with a known thermal conductivity by the heat transfer through the samples. To improve the measurement accuracy, a reference material was selected as quartz, which is of the same order of magnitude of the thermal conductivity of bovine cortical bone reported in the existing literature. Additionally, the temperatures at the heat source and heat sink were set to ±5°C from the ambient temperature to reduce the inevitable heat loss in the measurement. The temperature offset was determined numerically. The current experimental measurement was validated by an in-house finite-difference numerical program. The heat loss in the measurement was predicted from the numerical program. The thermal conductivity of the bovine cortical bone was then determined to be 0.55 ± 0.02 W/mK with compensating heat loss.

HOT WIRE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SUGAR CANE FIBERS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Borges dos Santos ◽  
CLAUDIA BITTENCOURT ◽  
Ana Carolina Mendonça Mansur ◽  
Luís Mauro Moura ◽  
Carlos Augusto Castro Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Hot Wire ◽  
Wire Method
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