Arctic Pipeline Leak Detection using Fiber Optic Cable Distributed Sensing Systems

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Thodi ◽  
M. Paulin ◽  
L. Forster ◽  
Julie Burke ◽  
G. Lanan
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Distributed Sensing ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Sensing Systems

Detecting and Correcting Pipeline Leaks Before They Become a Big Problem

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Cramer ◽  
David Shaw ◽  
Robert Tulalian ◽  
Pabs Angelo ◽  
Maarten van Stuijvenberg
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Wave ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
History Of ◽  
Distributed Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Critical Lines

AbstractTimely pipeline leak detection is a significant business issue in view of a long history of catastrophic incidents and growing intolerance for such events. It is vital to flag containment loss and location quickly, credibly, and reliably for all green or brown field critical lines in order to shut down the line safely and isolate the leak. Pipelines are designed to transport hydrocarbons safely; however, leaks have severe safety, economic, environmental, and reputational effects. This paper will highlight robust, reliable, and cost-effective methods, most of which leverage real-time instrumentation, telecommunications, SCADA, DCS, and associated online leak detection applications. The purpose of this paper will be to review the underlying leak detection business issues, catalogue the functional challenges, and describe experiences with available technologies. Internal and external techniques will be described, including basic rate of change of flow and pressure, compensated mass balance, statistical, real-time transient modeling, acoustic wave sensing, fiber optic cable (distributed temperature, distributed acoustic sensing), and subsea hydrophones. The paper will also describe related credibility, deployment, organizational, and maintenance issues with an emphasis on upstream applications. The scope will include leak detection for pipelines conveying various flowing fluids—gas, liquid, and multiphase flow. Pipeline environments will include subsea and onshore. Advantages, disadvantages, and experiences with these techniques will be described and analyzed.

Fiber optic distributed sensing systems for harsh aerospace environments

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Udd ◽  
Whitten L. Shulz ◽  
John M. Seim ◽  
Mike Morrell ◽  
Thomas L. Weaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Distributed Sensing ◽  
Sensing Systems

The ROLE OF CHINA-PAK ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) IN LOGISTIC SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN’S AND CHINA’S

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-50
Author(s):  
Ikram Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Delivery Time ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Economic Complexity ◽  
Shipping Cost ◽  
The Impact

This study will explain the impact of China-Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC) on logistic system of China and Pakistan. This project is estimated investment of US $90 billion, CPEC project is consists of various sub-projects including energy, road, railway and fiber optic cable but major portion will be spent on energy. This project will start from Kashgar port of china to Gwadar port of Pakistan. Transportation is sub-function of logistic that consists of 44% total cost of logistic system and 20% total cost of production of manufacturing and mainly shipping cost and transit/delivery time are critical for logistic system. According to OEC (The Observing Economic Complexity) currently, china is importing crude oil which 13.4% from Persian Gulf. CPEC will china for lead time that will be reduced from 45 days to 10 days and distance from 2500km to 1300km. This new route will help to china for less transit/deliver time and shipping cost in terms of logistic of china. Pakistan’s transportation will also improve through road, railway and fiber optic cabal projects from Karachi-Peshawar it will have speed 160km per hour and with help of pipeline between Gwadar to Nawabshah gas will be transported from Iran. According to (www.cpec.inf.com) Pakistan logistic industry will grow by US $30.77 billion in the end of 2020.

Optical data signals in fiber optic communication links with fading

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
I. Juwiler ◽  
I. Bronfman ◽  
N. Blaunstein
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Optical Signals ◽  
Dispersion Properties ◽  
Optical Cable ◽  
Time Dispersion ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
Fiber Optic Communication ◽  
Optic Communication

Introduction: This article is based on the recent research work in the field of two subjects: signal data parameters in fiber optic communication links, and dispersive properties of optical signals caused by non-homogeneous material phenomena and multimode propagation of optical signals in such kinds of wired links.Purpose: Studying multimode dispersion by analyzing the propagation of guiding optical waves along a fiber optic cable with various refractive index profiles of the inner optical cable (core) relative to the outer cladding, as well as dispersion properties of a fiber optic cable due to inhomogeneous nature of the cladding along the cable, for two types of signal code sequences transmitted via the cable: return-to-zero and non-return-to-zero ones.Methods: Dispersion properties of multimode propagation inside a fiber optic cable are analyzed with an advanced 3D model of optical wave propagation in a given guiding structure. The effects of multimodal dispersion and material dispersion causing the optical signal delay spread along the cable were investigated analytically and numerically.Results: Time dispersion properties were obtained and graphically illustrated for two kinds of fiber optic structures with different refractive index profiles. The dispersion was caused by multimode (e.g. multi-ray) propagation and by the inhomogeneous nature of the material along the cable. Their effect on the capacity and spectral efficiency of a data signal stream passing through such a guiding optical structure is illustrated for arbitrary refractive indices of the inner (core) and outer (cladding) elements of the optical cable. A new methodology is introduced for finding and evaluating the effects of time dispersion of optical signals propagating in fiber optic structures of various kinds. An algorithm is proposed for estimating the spectral efficiency loss measured in bits per second per Hertz per each kilometer along the cable, for arbitrary presentation of the code signals in the data stream, non-return-to zero or return-to-zero ones. All practical tests are illustrated by MATLAB utility.

300°C Optical Communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (HiTEC) ◽  
pp. 000013-000017
Author(s):  
Emad Andarawis ◽  
Cheng-Po (Paul) Chen ◽  
Baokai Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Optical Communications ◽  
Dark Current ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Wide Bandgap ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Optical Link ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Light Coupling

Abstract A high temperature optical link capable of multi-megabits per second data rates at 300°C is presented. The system utilizes wide bandgap optical sources and detectors to achieve extreme temperature operation. Testing was conducted at multiple temperatures between room temperature and 325°C and at multiple light source currents. Light coupling into and out of a UV capable optical fiber was evaluated, and a model was created utilizing the test data of the photodiode dark current and the fiber optic cable insertion loss and attenuation and assess optical communications capability to 325°C and beyond.

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