Establishing abiotic and biotic factors necessary for reliable male pheromone production and attraction to pheromones by female plum curculiosConotrachelus nenuphar(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 146 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Hock ◽  
Gérald Chouinard ◽  
Éric Lucas ◽  
Daniel Cormier ◽  
Tracy Leskey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Pheromone Production ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Head Space ◽  
Monitoring Tools ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors

AbstractThe plum curculio (PC),Conotrachelus nenupharHerbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key pest of stone and pome fruit in North America. Though grandisoic acid (GA) was identified as a male-produced aggregation pheromone for this species, other components likely exist, as have been identified for various curculionids. To better determine these components, an understanding of the conditions necessary for optimum pheromone production and attraction is needed, this is essential for the improvement of monitoring techniques and to achieve better biological control. The goal of this study was to determine the biotic and abiotic factors influencing both the response to pheromones and pheromone production. Tests were conducted in a dual-choice still-air vertical olfactometer using live male PCs as odour sources and live females as responders, to determine which physiological factors (age, number of males, mating status) influenced female response to males. Head-space collections of GA production under various conditions (airflow rate and frequency, collection zone strata, variation of humidity, temperature, and presence of a harbourage) were also done, as were electroantennograms (EAG) using synthetic pheromone mixtures. Results revealed that for both strains, the odour of two virgin mature males elicited significantly greater and more consistent attraction from mature virgin females than other ages and numbers of males when compared with the control. Head-space collections indicate that male PC have increased production of GA under high humidity in the presence of fruit, indicating that these conditions are necessary for optimal pheromone production and collection. EAG studies revealed significant responses to GrandLures I, II, III/IV and to the positive enantiomer of GA, and the amplitude of the signal varied with concentration. Our data identify the optimal physiological state and conditions at which pheromone collections should be performed, and what physiological life stages respond to these stimuli. These results have implications for optimising monitoring tools for this serious crop pest. This species has a northern univoltine strain and a southern multivoltine strain, both of which were examined in this study.

scholarly journals Biogeomorphic feedbacks and the ecosystem engineering of recently deglaciated terrain

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah R Miller ◽  
Stuart N Lane
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Ecosystem Engineer ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Ecosystem Engineering ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Successional Stage ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors

Matthews’ 1992 geoecological model of vegetation succession within glacial forefields describes how following deglaciation the landscape evolves over time as the result of both biotic and abiotic factors, with the importance of each depending on the level of environmental stress within the system. We focus in this paper on how new understandings of abiotic factors and the potential for biogeomorphic feedbacks between abiotic and biotic factors makes further development of this model important. Disturbance and water dynamics are two abiotic factors that have been shown to create stress gradients that can drive early ecosystem succession. The subsequent establishment of microbial communities and vegetation can then result in biogeomorphic feedbacks via ecosystem engineering that influence the role of disturbance and water dynamics within the system. Microbes can act as ecosystem engineers by supplying nutrients (via remineralization of organic matter and nitrogen fixation), enhancing soil development, either decreasing (encouraging weathering) or increasing (binding sediment grains) geomorphic stability, and helping retain soil moisture. Vegetation can act as an ecosystem engineer by fixing nitrogen, enhancing soil development, modifying microbial community structure, creating seed banks, and increasing geomorphic stability. The feedbacks between vegetation and water dynamics in glacial forefields are still poorly studied. We propose a synthesized model of ecosystem succession within glacial forefields that combines Matthews’ initial geoecological model and Corenblit's model to illustrate how gradients in environmental stress combined with successional time drive the balance between abiotic and biotic factors and ultimately determine the successional stage and potential for biogeomorphic feedbacks.

scholarly journals Environmental factors influencing fine-scale distribution of Antarctica’s only endemic insect

Oecologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 194 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-539
Author(s):  
Leslie J. Potts ◽  
J. D. Gantz ◽  
Yuta Kawarasaki ◽  
Benjamin N. Philip ◽  
David J. Gonthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Species Distributions ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Belgica Antarctica ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractSpecies distributions are dependent on interactions with abiotic and biotic factors in the environment. Abiotic factors like temperature, moisture, and soil nutrients, along with biotic interactions within and between species, can all have strong influences on spatial distributions of plants and animals. Terrestrial Antarctic habitats are relatively simple and thus good systems to study ecological factors that drive species distributions and abundance. However, these environments are also sensitive to perturbation, and thus understanding the ecological drivers of species distribution is critical for predicting responses to environmental change. The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, is the only endemic insect on the continent and has a patchy distribution along the Antarctic Peninsula. While its life history and physiology are well studied, factors that underlie variation in population density within its range are unknown. Previous work on Antarctic microfauna indicates that distribution over broad scales is primarily regulated by soil moisture, nitrogen content, and the presence of suitable plant life, but whether these patterns are true over smaller spatial scales has not been investigated. Here we sampled midges across five islands on the Antarctic Peninsula and tested a series of hypotheses to determine the relative influences of abiotic and biotic factors on midge abundance. While historical literature suggests that Antarctic organisms are limited by the abiotic environment, our best-supported hypothesis indicated that abundance is predicted by a combination of abiotic and biotic conditions. Our results are consistent with a growing body of literature that biotic interactions are more important in Antarctic ecosystems than historically appreciated.

Factors influencing temporal variation of a Sargassum filipendula (Phaeophyta: Fucales) bed in a subtropical shore

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.B. Jacobucci ◽  
M.O. Tanaka ◽  
F.P.P. Leite
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Hypnea Musciformis ◽  
Temporal Fluctuations ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Sargassum Filipendula ◽  
Noticeable Reduction ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors

In the present study, we evaluate the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on temporal fluctuations of Sargassum filipendula in a subtropical shore. Monthly algal samples, abiotic components, amphipod grazer density, and epiphyte biomass were obtained from a Sargassum bed in south-eastern Brazil. Density of S. filipendula fronds decreased during the sampling period, whereas dry mass was more constant, although with a noticeable reduction in the warmer months. Hypnea musciformis was the most frequent epiphyte on S. filipendula, occurring in all sampling periods, although with significant temporal variation. Sargassum filipendula density and dry mass were both influenced by epiphyte dry mass, temperature, and amphipod grazers. Sargassum filipendula biomass negatively influenced total epiphyte biomass, whereas H. musciformis biomass was positively influenced by phosphate, nitrite, and S. filipendula density and negatively influenced by S. filipendula dry mass and amphipod grazer abundance. Algal temporal fluctuations can be related to local abiotic and biotic factors, but the variation observed for S. filipendula and its epiphytes suggest that these factors have quite distinct effects for these algae.

scholarly journals Relative clutch mass of Basiliscus vittatus Wiegmann, 1828 (Squamata, Corytophanidae): female morphological constraints

Herpetozoa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 211-219
Author(s):  
Gabriel Suárez-Varón ◽  
Orlando Suárez-Rodríguez ◽  
Gisela Granados-González ◽  
Maricela Villagrán-Santa Cruz ◽  
Kevin M. Gribbins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
The Family ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Clutch Mass

Clutch size (CS) and relative clutch mass (RCM) are considered important features in life history descriptions of species within Squamata. Variations in these two characteristics are caused by both biotic and abiotic factors. The present study provides the first account related to CS and RCM ofBasiliscus vittatusin Mexico within a population that inhabits an open riverbed juxtapositioned to tropical rainforest habitat in Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico (170 m a.s.l.). Twenty-nine gravid females were collected and kept in captivity under favorable conditions that promote oviposition. The CS within this population was 6.2 ± 0.2 and was correlated positively with snout vent-length (SVL); while the RCM was 0.17 ± 0.006 and was correlated positively with both CS and width of egg. Factors, such as female morphology and environmental conditions, should influence these reproductive traits inB. vittatus. The data collected in this study could provide a framework for comparisons of the life history traits across populations ofB. vittatusin Mexico and within other species of the family Corytophanidae and provide a model for testing how abiotic and biotic factors may influence the CS and RCM in basilisk lizards throughout their range.

scholarly journals Individual Ants Do Not Show Active-rest Rhythms in Natural Nest Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Fujioka ◽  
Masato S. Abe ◽  
Yasukazu Okada
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Diversity Pattern ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors

AbstractCircadian rhythms, which respond to the day/night cycle on the earth, arise from the endogenous timekeeping system within organisms, called the biological clock. For accurate circadian rhythms, endogenous oscillations are synchronized to light and temperature. In social insects, both abiotic and biotic factors (i.e., social interactions) play a significant role in active/rest rhythm regulation. However, it is challenging to monitor individual active-rest rhythms in a colony because of the large group size and small body size. Therefore, it is unclear how social interactions coordinate each individual’s active/rest rhythms. This study developed an image-based tracking system using 2D barcodes for <I>Diacamma</I> sp. (a monomorphic ant) and measured the locomotor activities of all colony members under laboratory colony conditions. We also investigated the effect of broods on active/rest rhythms by removing all broods under colony conditions. Active/rest rhythms appeared only in solitary ants, not under colony conditions. In addition, arrhythmic active-rest rhythms were retained after brood removal. Therefore, a mixture of social interactions, not abiotic factors, induces the loss of active/rest rhythms. These results contribute to the knowledge of the diversity pattern of circadian rhythms in social insects.

scholarly journals Functional state of an organism of freshwater fish under the influence of abiotic factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (90) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
O. V. Honcharova ◽  
R. P. Paranjak ◽  
B. V. Gutyj
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Unconventional Method

The purpose of the work was to conduct a scientific and experimental analysis of the study of the functional state of the organism of hydrobionts while growing in recirculation of aquaculture systems using an unconventional method of water treatment, which was used in the formation of feed forage for their feeding. The experimental part of the work was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of aquatic bioresources and aquaculture of the Biotechnology Faculty of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University and the Scientific and Experimental Center “Aquatic Biodiversity and Aquaculture of the Pre Dnieper” of the Dniprovsky State Agrarian and Economic University. The practical part of the work consisted of several stages: the formation of the preparatory period (obtaining the breeding culture of phytoplankton and zooplankton, cultivation on different environments in order to establish an optimal scheme); obtaining of fish planting material and determination of fish objects for experiment; staging of the experiment (conducting research on feeding natural food of different processing of mother-crops). Scientific and experimental studies on the study of the functional state of the organism of hydrobionts when cultivated in the PAC with the use of an unconventional method of processing fodder mixed with their feeding give grounds to note the positive impact on its qualitative and functional characteristics. Investigation of the morpho-functional status of blood of freshwater fish on the background of the use of the proposed method for processing fodder mixed with fertilization in the early stages of ontogeny showed that stimulation of erythropoiesis, activation of protein metabolism in the organism of hydrobionts within the limits of the physiological norm occurs in the experimental group. The combination of several rapid methods (GRU) makes it possible to provide comprehensive research and acquires scientific and practical value, since the study of the physiological state of the object of biotesting against the background of the use of various factors involves the implementation of an entire chain of sequential research.

scholarly journals Activation of metabolic and stress responses during subtoxic expression of the type I toxin hok in Erwinia amylovora

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyu Peng ◽  
Lindsay R. Triplett ◽  
George Sundin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Membrane Rupture ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background: Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, abundant in prokaryotes, are composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin. Several toxins are implied to affect the physiological state and stress tolerance of bacteria in a population. We previously identified a chromosomally encoded hok-sok type I TA system in Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight disease on pome fruit trees. A high-level induction of the hok gene was lethal to E. amylovora cells through unknown mechanisms. The molecular targets or regulatory roles of Hok were unknown.Results: Here, we examined the physiological and transcriptomic changes of Erwinia amylovora cells expressing hok at subtoxic levels that were confirmed to confer no cell death, and at toxic levels that resulted in killing of cells. In both conditions, hok caused membrane rupture and collapse of the proton motive force in a subpopulation of E. amylovora cells. We demonstrated that induction of hok resulted in upregulation of ATP biosynthesis genes, and caused leakage of ATP from cells only at toxic levels. We showed that overexpression of the phage shock protein gene pspA largely reversed the cell death phenotype caused by high levels of hok induction. We also showed that induction of hok at a subtoxic level rendered a greater proportion of stationary phase E. amylovora cells tolerant to the antibiotic streptomycin. Conclusions: We characterized the molecular mechanism of toxicity by high-level of hok induction and demonstrated that low-level expression of hok primes the stress responses of E. amylovora against further membrane and antibiotic stressors.

Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on adult Odonata (Insecta) in Amazon streams

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Lenize Batista Calvão ◽  
Carina Kaory Sasahara de Paiva ◽  
Joás da Silva Brito ◽  
Ana Luisa Fares ◽  
Calebe Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Physiological Constraints ◽  
Habitat Integrity ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors

Abstract Abiotic and biotic factors play an essential role in the structuring of natural communities. Aquatic ecosystems have complex interaction networks, encompassing predator/prey relationships and structural support. Among aquatic organisms, the order Odonata is a model group for understanding those relationships since they can be both predators and prey. Our hypotheses were that Zygoptera are (i) influenced positively by Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) and the Habitat Integrity Index (HII), and negatively by fish and macrophytes; and (ii) Anisoptera are affected positively by EPT and macrophytes, and negatively by fish and HII. We found that Zygoptera were affected by the fish functional trophic groups, while Anisoptera were affected by macrophytes, EPT, fish and HII. Macrophytes affected anisopterans positively because they provide perching sites for adults. The results for EPT and HII may be related since these organisms are also sensitive to environmental changes. More open areas have lower HII values and the negative relationship with Anisoptera may be explained by physiological constraints. The negative relationship between EPT and Anisoptera could be explained by the low occurrence of EPT in open sites, which are the sites that were highly rich in Anisoptera. Finally, the dominance of specific functional trophic groups of fish influences Odonata suborders in different ways. In conclusion, the results show the importance of ecological interactions for Odonata in Amazonian streams in both direct and indirect ways.

An introduction to the 'micronet' of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs): cyanobacteria, zooplankton and microorganisms: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Change Temperature ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are known all around the world. Climate change (temperature increase) and human activity (eutrophication) are factors that promote the proliferation of cyanobacteria, leading to the development of blooms and the release of toxins. Abiotic and biotic factors are responsible for the development of blooms and how long they last. Although the abiotic factors controlling blooms are well known, knowledge of biotic factors and their interactions is still lacking. This paper reviews five levels of biotic interactions, namely cyanobacteria–zooplankton, cyanobacteria–ciliates, cyanobacteria–bacteria, cyanobacteria–viruses and cyanobacteria–fungi, showing a more complex food web network than was previously thought. New findings published recently, such as the relationships between cyanobacteria and viruses or cyanobacteria and fungi, indicate that cyanobacterial blooms are not the end of the cycle of events taking place in water habitats, but rather the middle of them. As such, a new approach needs to consider mutual connections, genetic response, horizontal gene transfer and non-linear flow of carbon.

MINT SELECTION FOR DIFFERENT SPECIFIC PURPOSES

1970 ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
А. I. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
High Yield ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Mint Leaf ◽  
Selection Of

In article questions of selection of mint – a valuable aromatic plant in our country are considered. Using wild-growing types of mints as donors of the economic and useful signs and also various methods of selection – clonal selection, hybridization, a mutagenesis by selectors are created the high-yield, steady against biotic and abiotic factors of the external environment, adapted to cultivation to concrete soil climatic conditions grades of mint of different purpose. Their comparative sortoispytaniye in the conditions of the Nonchernozem zone of the Russian Federation showed that on set of economic and valuable signs Medichka  grades, Lekarstvennaya 4, Yantarnaya and Aromatnaya, possessing a good bouquet and aroma of an essential oil which are the most perspective for cultivation on a mint leaf, whereas grades the Moskvichka and Kubanskaya 6 with the increased content of menthol in oil more are suitable for production of an essential oil and mentholum were allocated. The profitability level of peppermint production due to the peculiarities of the varieties, their yield, resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, and the high costs of manual labor during planting, depends on the region of cultivation. In most cases, this is due to the shortcomings of the existing assortment of this crop in a given zone. A set of varieties is needed that can use the favorable environmental factors (natural and anthropogenic) with the greatest efficiency and stand against stress factors simultaneously. The further selection work with mint directed to increase in content biologically of the active materials in a feed stock, has to be conducted with use of methods of genomic selection.

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