Biology and integrated management of wheat stem sawfly and the need for continuing research

2011 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.L. Beres ◽  
L.M. Dosdall ◽  
D.K. Weaver ◽  
H.A. Cárcamo ◽  
D.M. Spaner
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Research Activities

AbstractThe wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is historically one of the most important economic insect pests in the northern Great Plains of North America. Within this geographical region, the areas subjected to greatest attack are southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, eastern and northern Montana, North Dakota, northern South Dakota, and western Minnesota. Cumulative grain-yield losses and annual economic losses associated with this pest can exceed 30% and $350 million, respectively. Solid-stemmed cultivars of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), tolerant of infestation, are critical for C. cinctus management, but outbreaks of this pest continue to occur even after six decades of cultivar development. Furthermore, chemical control (a primary control option for other cereal (Poaceae) insect pests) has proven ineffective; this underscores the need to integrate resistant cultivars into a comprehensive integrated pest management program. We provide overviews of wheat stem sawfly biology, recent advances in applied research, the efficacy and integration of cultural and biological management strategies, and future directions for global research activities to manage wheat stem sawfly.

A Survey of Five Stem-Feeding Insect Pests of Wheat in the Northern Great Plains

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Shanower ◽  
Debra K. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Hessian Fly ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Extension Programs ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Low Levels

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephas cinctus Norton, the wheat stem maggot, Meromyza americana Fitch, the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), the wheat jointworm, Tetramesa tritici (Fitch), and the wheat strawworm, Tetramesa grandis (Riley), have long been considered wheat pests in the northern Great Plains. This paper reports results of surveys for these pests conducted over 3 yrs in parts of Montana (10 counties), North Dakota (14 counties), South Dakota (1 county), Nebraska (4 counties) and Wyoming (1 county). Fields were randomly selected and a mean of 191 stems were sampled from each field. The percentage of stems infested with each pest was recorded. The percentage of parasitized wheat stem sawfly larvae also was noted. The wheat stem sawfly, wheat stem maggot, and Hessian fly were the most commonly encountered pests, recorded in nearly every county. Wheat stem sawfly density was twice that of wheat stem maggot (7% vs 3.2%) in infested fields. Wheat stem sawfly densities exceeded 10% in 4 counties: Daniels and Wibaux in MT, Golden Valley, ND and Goshen, WY. Wheat stem sawfly parasitism was low and positively correlated with sawfly infestation. Wheat stem maggot infestations were low (<11% for all fields), averaging 3.2% among infested fields. Hessian fly densities were much lower (2.2% among infested fields) than reported elsewhere in the U.S. The wheat jointworm and strawworm were absent from most fields and only occasionally found at low levels (<1% and <3.5% respectively, among infested fields). This information will help to prioritize wheat insect pest management research and extension programs in this region.

Spatiotemporal distributions of wheat stem sawfly eggs and larvae in dryland wheat fields

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Nansen ◽  
Tulio B. Macedo ◽  
David K. Weaver ◽  
Robert K.D. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

AbstractThe wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is the most serious insect pest of dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; Poaceae) in the southern Canadian Prairies and the northern Great Plains of the United States. We characterized the spatial distribution pattern of C. cinctus eggs and larvae throughout the adult flight period in three dryland winter wheat fields in Montana. Cephus cinctus females laid eggs in wheat stems until a few weeks before wheat maturity, and most wheat stems received only one egg. Wheat stem samples collected along the field edges represented 12%–16% of the samples but 40%–95% of the infested stems. The highest numbers of C. cinctus eggs and larvae found in a single wheat stem were 16 and 4, respectively. On a field scale, both C. cinctus eggs and larvae were significantly aggregated along field edges in most of the sampling events. A comparison of indices of aggregation revealed that C. cinctus larvae were significantly more spatially aggregated than C. cinctus eggs. Based on our spatiotemporal analysis, we speculate that the majority of the eggs are initially laid along field edges, and ovipositing C. cinctus females do not distinguish between previously infested and uninfested wheat stems. Gradually, these eggs hatch and the larvae begin feeding; at the same time, the later emerging C. cinctus females oviposit farther into the wheat fields. One explanation is that ovipositing C. cinctus females avoid stems containing feeding larvae. The analysis of the temporal changes in the spatial distribution patterns of C. cinctus eggs and larvae is discussed in the context of possible integrated pest management strategies.

Rearing the wheat stem sawfly on an artificial diet

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuilo B. Macedo ◽  
Paula A. Macedo ◽  
Robert K.D. Peterson ◽  
David K. Weaver ◽  
Wendell L. Morrill
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Harvest Efficiency

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is an insect pest in dryland wheat cropping systems in the southern Canadian Prairies and the northern Great Plains of the United States (Morrill 1997). Yield losses caused by C. cinctus are due to reduced head weight (Holmes 1977; Morrill et al. 1992) and lodging, which decreases harvest efficiency. Estimates of yield losses in Montana alone are about US$25 million per year.

Spider mites of agricultural importance in China, with focus on species composition during the last decade (2008–2017) 

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng-Yu Jin ◽  
Lu Tian ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Xiao-Yue Hong
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Panonychus Citri ◽  
Important Species ◽  
River Region

Understanding pest species composition and their geographic distribution of important spider mites is fundamental and indispensable to establish an integrated pest management program. From a long-term survey during 2008–2017 in mainland China, we found that Tetranychus truncatus was the most frequently sampled Tetranychus spider mite (48.5%), followed by T. pueraricola (21.2%), T. kanzawai (12.5%), T. urticae (red) (5.7%) and T. urticae (green) (4.5%). Among them, T. truncatus was the major mite pest in the north of China. T. kanzawai was the dominant species in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Region and T. pueraricola was the most important species in the southwest region. Other common and serious pests include Amphitetranychus viennensis (6.8%) and Panonychus citri (3.8%). This pattern was largely different from that in 2002–2004, when T. urticae (green and red) was believed to be the most serious mite pest. The factors involved in the change of species composition are not clear and need more exploration. We suggested that the increasing corn planting range may be partly responsible for the conversion of dominant species from other spider mites to T. truncatus. Further research on the mechanisms underlying the change of dominant species will help develop integrated management strategies.

scholarly journals A Unified Effort to Fight an Enemy of Wheat and Barley: Fusarium Head Blight

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1712-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia McMullen ◽  
Gary Bergstrom ◽  
Erick De Wolf ◽  
Ruth Dill-Macky ◽  
Don Hershman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Food And Feed

Wheat and barley are critical food and feed crops around the world. Wheat is grown on more land area worldwide than any other crop. In the United States, production of wheat and barley contributes to domestic food and feed use, and contributes to the export market and balance of trade. Fifteen years ago, Plant Disease published a feature article titled “Scab of wheat and barley: A re-emerging disease of devastating impact”. That article described the series of severe Fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemics that occurred in the United States and Canada, primarily from 1991 through 1996, with emphasis on the unparalleled economic and sociological impacts caused by the 1993 FHB epidemic in spring grains in the Northern Great Plains region. Earlier publications had dealt with the scope and damage caused by this disease in the United States, Canada, Europe, and China. Reviews published after 1997 further described this disease and its impact on North American grain production in the 1990s. This article reviews the disease and documents the information on U.S. FHB epidemics since 1997. The primary goal of this article is to summarize a sustained, coordinated, and collaborative research program that was put in place shortly after the 1993 epidemic, a program intended to quickly lead to improved management strategies and outreach implementation. This program serves as a model to deal with other emerging plant disease threats.

scholarly journals 73 Managing health during the receiving period

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 25-25
Author(s):  
John T Richeson
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Early Disease Detection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cattle Health

Abstract Cattle originating from the southeastern United States and received in stocker and feedlot facilities in the southern Great Plains are at increased risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and other health disorders because the marketing and relocation process may result in stress-induced immunosuppression, increased respiratory virus transmission, and poor nutritional status. Cattle health directly affects growth performance because stress and the inflammatory response to infection results in tissue catabolism and anorexia. Preconditioning practices at the ranch origin, such as vaccination, castration, weaning, and feed bunk and water tank exposure, can significantly improve health outcome during the receiving period; however, this practice is underutilized, resulting in high-risk, commingled calves entering subsequent production sectors. Antimicrobial metaphylaxis is one of the most effective management strategies to control an anticipated outbreak of BRD in newly received calves, yet antimicrobial use in food animals is under intense scrutiny. Antimicrobial alternatives such as direct-fed microbial products may provide health benefits but uncertainty regarding the route and timing of application, effective dose, and product selection will require further research to improve application. Nutritional stress resulting from reduced feed and water intake before, during, and after relocation and potential trace mineral deficiency upon arrival must be considered in a comprehensive health management program. Finally, detection of BRD or other diseases in large groups of cattle is challenging because of the prey instinct to disguise clinical signs of illness. Technology that continuously monitor individual cattle behavior may provide early disease detection with greater sensitivity and specificity than traditional methods but several barriers to adoption exist. This symposium presentation will outline the multitude of factors to consider in managing cattle health during the receiving period and provide research-based evidence that challenge paradigm regarding health management of newly received cattle.

Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Quinclorac Soil Half-life and Resulting Native Grass and Forb Establishment

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Native Grass

Quinclorac will control leafy spurge and not injure many established native grasses and forbs. Seeding of desirable species is often required to reestablish native vegetation after an invasive weed-management program, but quinclorac residue may inhibit the reestablishment of native species. Greenhouse studies were conducted to estimate quinclorac dissipation rates in Northern Great Plains soils and the effect of residue on establishment of some native grass and broadleaf plants. Quinclorac 50% dissipation time (DT50) ranged from > 21 to 112 d in four soils from the Northern Great Plains. The quinclorac DT50 was dependent on several factors including soil type, moisture content, temperature, and especially organic matter (OM). Across four different soil textures, quinclorac dissipation generally increased as soil moisture content increased, but moisture had less of an impact in low OM soils. Quinclorac dissipation also increased as temperature increased in the four soils. The most rapid dissipation occurred in soils with higher OM (> 6%), with an average DT50 of < 38 d, at 45% moisture content, held at 16 C. Wild bergamot, purple coneflower, blanketflower, and stiff goldenrod seedling growth were all reduced by quinclorac residue at 6 μg kg−1, the lowest concentration evaluated in the study. The native grass species big bluestem, intermediate wheatgrass, and switchgrass generally were tolerant of quinclorac, but green needlegrass was sensitive, and seedling growth declined as quinclorac residue increased from 6 to 375 μg kg−1. Based on a quinclorac application of 840 kg ha−1 and 150 frost-free d, seeding of sensitive forbs and grasses should be delayed at least 12 mo after herbicide application.

scholarly journals Grasslands And Forests In Nebraska Are Vulnerable To Tree Invasion From Roadsides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine F.E. Hogan ◽  
Dillon T. Fogarty ◽  
Hugh Ellerman ◽  
Christopher T. Fill ◽  
Daniel Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Tree Management ◽  
Tree Invasion ◽  
Invasive Tree ◽  
Invasive Tree Species ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Abstract Roadsides can be vectors for tree invasion within grasslands by bisecting landscapes and facilitating propagule spread to interior habitat. Current invasive tree management in North America’s Great Plains focuses on reducing on-site (i.e., interior habitat) vulnerability through on-site prevention and eradication, but invasive tree management of surrounding areas known to serve as invasion vectors, such as roadsides and public rights-of-ways, is sporadic. We surveyed roadsides for invasive tree propagule sources in a southeastern Nebraska grassland landscape to determine how much of the surrounding landscape is potentially vulnerable to roadside invasion, and by which species, and thereby, provide insights into the locations and forms of future landcover change. Invasive tree species were widespread in roadsides. Given modest seed dispersal distances of 100-200 m, our results show that roadsides have potential to serve as major sources of grassland exposure to tree invasion, compromising up to 44% of grasslands in the Denton Hills. Under these dispersal distances, funds spent removing trees on grassland properties may have little impact on the landscape’s overall vulnerability, due to exposure driven by roadside propagule sources. A key implication from this study is that roadsides, while often neglected from management, represent an important component of integrated management strategies for reducing grassland vulnerability to tree invasion.

scholarly journals Assessment of the performance of some new insecticides for the control of the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus in a Tunisian vineyard

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mansour ◽  
K. Grissa Lebdi ◽  
S. Rezgui
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Planococcus Ficus ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Vine Mealybug

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) cause major economic losses in many Tunisian grapegrowing areas. In an attempt to improve management strategies for the Vine Mealybug (VM) Planococcus ficus (Signoret), three insecticides, imidacloprid, Prev-Am® and spirotetramat, were evaluated for their effect on this insect on vine, with reference to methidathion. The systemic insecticide spirotetramat (Movento® 150 OD) provided the greatest control performance of the VM populations, compared to the contact insecticide methidathion, the systemic insecticide imidacloprid applied through furrow irrigated system, and to Prev-Am®, a new contact biopesticide. Three weeks after treatment, VM eggs and adult females were missing from spirotetramat-treated vines. Additionally, spirotetramat supplied a long-residual activity against VM populations and prevented further spread of these insects on vine leaves. Therefore, this new systemic insecticide could be incorporated in an Integrated Pest Management program for VM control in Tunisian vineyards. Despite its short-residual activity, Prev-Am® was shown to be more effective than both methidathion and imidacloprid, mainly on VM eggs and L3 nymphs, and resulted in the highest level of VM L1-L2 nymph decrease on vine trunks. Hence, this biopesticide might prove useful for VM management in vineyards. 

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