Molecular comparisons of alphabaculovirus-based products: Gypchek with Disparvirus (Lymantria dispar) and TM BioControl-1 with Virtuss (Orgyia pseudotsugata)

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
pp. 546-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Renée Lapointe ◽  
David Thumbi ◽  
Benoit Morin ◽  
Christopher J. Lucarotti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Orgyia Pseudotsugata

AbstractGypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) has been registered as a microbial pest-control product in the United States (Gypchek®) and Canada (Disparvirus®). Similarly, Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) is registered in the United States and Canada as TM BioControl-1® and a product derived from TM BioControl-1 (Virtuss®) is also registered in Canada. To determine changes that may have occurred in these products over time, we compared DNA from Gypchek with Disparvirus and DNA from TM BioControl-1 with Virtuss using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Gypchek and Disparvirus showed the same RFLP banding patterns when viral genomic DNA was digested with BamH I, EcoR V, and Hind III and only a single band difference at approximately 1.6 kilobase (kb) when digested with Bgl II. TM BioControl-1 and Virtuss showed no differences in genomic DNA when digested with Bgl II, Sam I or Hind III. Twelve viral open reading frames (ORFs) were amplified from Gypchek and Disparvirus and nine from TM BioControl-1 and Virtuss by polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The amplified ORFs ranged from highly conserved (polyhedrin) to least conserved (vp91 capsid associated protein). The products were sequenced and the deduced protein products compared. Amino acid sequences deduced from the sequenced PCR products indicated that 8 of the 12 proteins were identical in the two LdMNPV products. The four proteins showing minor sequence variations were DNA polymerase, LEF-8, P74 envelope protein, and VP 91 capsid associated protein. No differences were detected in the protein products deduced from the nine sequenced ORFs from TM BioControl-1 and Virtuss. Comparative RFLP and protein phylogenetic analyses of Gypchek with Disparvirus and TM BioControl-1 with Virtuss revealed little difference between the respective LdMNPV and OpMNPV populations that make up these product pairs.

scholarly journals Genetic and Experimental Evidence for Cross-Species Infection by Swine Hepatitis E Virus

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 9714-9721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Jin Meng ◽  
Patrick G. Halbur ◽  
Max S. Shapiro ◽  
Sugantha Govindarajan ◽  
Jeremy D. Bruna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
The United States ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Swine Hepatitis ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Prior to the recent discovery of the swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV) in pigs from the midwestern United States, HEV was not considered endemic to this country. Since swine HEV is antigenically and genetically related to human strains of HEV, it was important to characterize this new virus further. The infectivity titer of a pool of swine HEV in pigs was determined in order to prepare a standardized reagent and to evaluate the dose response in pigs. Although the sequence of swine HEV varied extensively from those of most human strains of HEV, it was very closely related to the two strains of human HEV (US-1 and US-2) isolated in the United States. The U.S. strains which were recently recovered from two patients with clinical hepatitis E in the United States shared ≥97% amino acid identity with swine HEV in open reading frames 1 and 2. Phylogenetic analyses of different regions of the genome revealed that swine HEV and the U.S. strains grouped together and formed a distinct branch. These results suggested that swine HEV may infect humans. When we inoculated rhesus monkeys and a chimpanzee, experimental surrogates of humans, with swine HEV, the primates became infected. Furthermore, in a reciprocal experiment, specific-pathogen-free pigs were experimentally infected with the US-2 strain of human HEV that is genetically similar to swine HEV. These results provided experimental evidence for cross-species infection by the swine virus. Thus, humans appear to be at risk of infection with swine HEV or closely related viruses.

scholarly journals Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. eaav3875 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Luque ◽  
R. M. Feldmann ◽  
O. Vernygora ◽  
C. E. Schweitzer ◽  
C. B. Cameron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Morphological Transformations ◽  
Active Swimming

Evolutionary origins of novel forms are often obscure because early and transitional fossils tend to be rare, poorly preserved, or lack proper phylogenetic contexts. We describe a new, exceptionally preserved enigmatic crab from the mid-Cretaceous of Colombia and the United States, whose completeness illuminates the early disparity of the group and the origins of novel forms. Its large and unprotected compound eyes, small fusiform body, and leg-like mouthparts suggest larval trait retention into adulthood via heterochronic development (pedomorphosis), while its large oar-like legs represent the earliest known adaptations in crabs for active swimming. Our phylogenetic analyses, including representatives of all major lineages of fossil and extant crabs, challenge conventional views of their evolution by revealing multiple convergent losses of a typical “crab-like” body plan since the Early Cretaceous. These parallel morphological transformations may be associated with repeated invasions of novel environments, including the pelagic/necto-benthic zone in this pedomorphic chimera crab.

Relationships among 3 Kochia species based on PCR-generated molecular sequences and molecular cytogenetics

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1104-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
B S Lee ◽  
M Y Kim ◽  
R R.-C Wang ◽  
B L Waldron
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Hybridization ◽  
Forage Kochia

Forage kochia (Kochia prostrata ssp. virescens 'Immigrant' is native to the arid and semiarid regions of central Eurasia. It was introduced into the United States in 1966 as PI 314929 and released as a perennial forage shrub in 1984. Kochia americana is a perennial native to the United States, whereas Kochia scorparia is an introduced annual species that became a weed. To assess both the breeding potential and the possibility of genetic contamination, relationships among the 3 Kochia species were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, sequence tagged site (STS) marker sequences of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase gene (ndhF), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (MC-FISH). Seventy decamer random primers yielded 458 polymorphic bands from 9 plants of K. americana, 20 plants of K. prostrata, and 7 plants of K. scoparia. Fifty-four and 55 species-specific RAPD markers were identified for K. americana and K. prostrata, whereas 80 RAPD markers were specific to K. scoparia. Based on the presence or absence of informative RAPD markers, the 3 species always grouped into 3 distinct clusters in a NTSYSpc2.01b-generated dendrogram. The same relationships were found among the 3 Kochia species based on ndhF DNA sequence divergence. Using a set of 7 STS markers that can identify each Kochia species, we did not find a single interspecific hybrid from artificial hybridizations among the 3 Kochia species. In GISH studies, chromosomes of 1 species fluoresced in green only when they were probed by genomic DNA of the same species. Cross-hybridization by genomic DNA of another species was not observed. In FISH studies using pTa71 (for 18S–5.8S–26S rDNAs) and pScT7 (for 5S rDNA) as probes, there were 1, 1 and 3 pTa71 sites and 2, 1, and 1 pScT7 sites in each haplome of K. prostrata, K. americana, and K. scoparia, respectively. It is concluded that these 3 Kochia species are so genomically distinct that gene introgression among them would be extremely rare.Key words: RAPD, STS, ndhF, GISH, FISH, mixoploidy, forage kochia.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel strongly hemolytic Brachyspira species, provisionally designated “Brachyspira hampsonii”

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Chander ◽  
Alexander Primus ◽  
Simone Oliveira ◽  
Connie J. Gebhart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Phylogenetic Grouping ◽  
Enzymatic Profiling ◽  
Swine Herds

Since 2007, outbreaks of severe bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis have been reported in the United States and Canada. Though the primary causative agent of swine dysentery is Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which is strongly hemolytic, the current report describes the isolation of a novel strongly hemolytic Brachyspira sp. This novel Brachyspira sp. was identified from clinical submissions at the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, and 40 of such isolates were obtained from 22 clinical submissions representing 5 states. Isolates were confirmed to be different from any known Brachyspira sp. on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of nox and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analyses grouped all isolates into 2 clades (clades I and II), and grouping patterns were similar for both nox and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Phenotypically, all isolates were indole and hippurate negative, and enzymatic profiling indicated 2 types of profiles, irrespective of the phylogenetic grouping, differing only in the production of β-glucosidase. The results suggest that a potentially virulent new species of Brachyspira sp., provisionally named “ Brachyspira hampsonii ”, is circulating among swine herds in the United States.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of a Renamed Isolate, Trichoplusia ni Ascovirus 6b, from the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Yuan Liu ◽  
Wen-Fei Xian ◽  
Jin Xue ◽  
Yong-Lu Wei ◽  
Xiao-Wen Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
The United States ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
First Time ◽  
Reading Frames

ABSTRACT The complete genome of Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 6b (TnAV-6b) was sequenced for the first time. The TnAV-6b isolate, which has its closest phylogenetic relationship with the TnAV-6a isolate, has a circular genome of 185,664 bp, with a G+C content of 46.0% and 178 predicted open reading frames.

scholarly journals Veterinary Fusarioses within the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 2813-2819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry O'Donnell ◽  
Deanna A. Sutton ◽  
Nathan Wiederhold ◽  
Vincent A. R. G. Robert ◽  
Pedro W. Crous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Species Complexes

Multilocus DNA sequence data were used to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of 67Fusariumstrains from veterinary sources, most of which were from the United States. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the strains comprised 23 phylogenetically distinct species, all but two of which were previously known to infect humans, distributed among eight species complexes. The majority of the veterinary isolates (47/67 = 70.1%) were nested within theFusarium solanispecies complex (FSSC), and these included 8 phylospecies and 33 unique 3-locus sequence types (STs). Three of the FSSC species (Fusarium falciforme,Fusarium keratoplasticum, andFusariumsp. FSSC 12) accounted for four-fifths of the veterinary strains (38/47) and STs (27/33) within this clade. Most of theF. falciformestrains (12/15) were recovered from equine keratitis infections; however, strains ofF. keratoplasticumandFusariumsp. FSSC 12 were mostly (25/27) isolated from marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Our sampling suggests that theFusarium incarnatum-equisetispecies complex (FIESC), with eight mycoses-associated species, may represent the second most important clade of veterinary relevance withinFusarium. Six of the multilocus STs within the FSSC (3+4-eee, 1-b, 12-a, 12-b, 12-f, and 12-h) and one each within the FIESC (1-a) and theFusarium oxysporumspecies complex (ST-33) were widespread geographically, including three STs with transoceanic disjunctions. In conclusion, fusaria associated with veterinary mycoses are phylogenetically diverse and typically can only be identified to the species level using DNA sequence data from portions of one or more informative genes.

scholarly journals An Ecotype of Neorickettsia risticii Causing Potomac Horse Fever in Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (19) ◽  
pp. 6030-6036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingming Xiong ◽  
Hannah Bekebrede ◽  
Pratibha Sharma ◽  
Luis G. Arroyo ◽  
John D. Baird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
New Method ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strain Diversity ◽  
Potomac Horse Fever

ABSTRACTNeorickettsia(formerlyEhrlichia)risticiiis an obligatory intracellular bacterium of digenetic trematodes. When a horse accidentally ingests aquatic insects containing encysted trematodes infected withN. risticii, the bacterium is transmitted from trematodes to horse cells and causes an acute and often fatal disease called Potomac horse fever (PHF). Since the discovery ofN. risticiiin the United States in 1984, using immunofluorescence and PCR assays, PHF has been increasingly recognized throughout North America and South America. However, so far, there exist only a few stableN. risticiiculture isolates, all of which are from horses within the United States, and the strain diversity and environmental spreading and distribution of pathogenicN. risticiistrains remain poorly understood. This paper reports the isolation ofN. risticiifrom the blood of a horse with acute PHF in Ontario, Canada. IntracellularN. risticiicolonies were detected in P388D1cells after 47 days of culturing and 8 days after the addition of rapamycin. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequences of major surface proteins P51 and Ssa1 showed that this isolate is distinct from any previously sequenced strains but closely related to midwestern U.S. strains. This is the first Canadian strain cultured, and a new method was developed to reactivate dormantN. risticiito improve culture isolation.IMPORTANCENeorickettsia risticiiis an environmental bacterium that lives inside flukes that are parasitic to aquatic snails, insects, and bats. When a horse accidentally ingests insects harboring flukes infected withN. risticii, the bacterium is transmitted to the horse and causes an acute and often fatal disease called Potomac horse fever. Although the disease has been increasingly recognized throughout North and South America,N. risticiihas not been cultured outside the United States. This paper reports the first Canadian strain cultured and a new method to effectively culture isolateN. risticiifrom the horse blood sample. Molecular analysis showed that the genotype of this Canadian strain is distinct from previously sequenced strains but closely related to midwestern U.S. strains. Culture isolation ofN. risticiistrains would confirm the geographic presence of pathogenicN. risticii, help elucidateN. risticiistrain diversity and environmental spreading and distribution, and improve diagnosis and development of vaccines for this dreadful disease.

scholarly journals Phomopsis Stem Canker: A Reemerging Threat to Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. 990-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Febina M. Mathew ◽  
Kholoud M. Alananbeh ◽  
James G. Jordahl ◽  
Scott M. Meyer ◽  
Lisa A. Castlebury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region

Phomopsis stem canker causes yield reductions on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on several continents, including Australia, Europe, and North America. In the United States, Phomopsis stem canker incidence has increased 16-fold in the Northern Great Plains between 2001 and 2012. Although Diaporthe helianthi was assumed to be the sole causal agent in the United States, a newly described species, D. gulyae, was found to be the primary cause of Phomopsis stem canker in Australia. To determine the identity of Diaporthe spp. causing Phomopsis stem canker in the Northern Great Plains, 275 infected stems were collected between 2010 and 2012. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region, elongation factor subunit 1-α, and actin gene regions of representative isolates, in comparison with those of type specimens, confirmed two species (D. helianthi and D. gulyae) in the United States. Differences in aggressiveness between the two species were determined using the stem-wound method in the greenhouse; overall, D. helianthi and D. gulyae did not vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in their aggressiveness at 10 and 14 days after inoculation. These findings indicate that both Diaporthe spp. have emerged as sunflower pathogens in the United States, and have implications on the management of this disease.

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