Biology of Caloptilia fraxinella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on ornamental green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Oleaceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Evenden
Keyword(s):  
Management Program ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
A Site ◽  
Caloptilia Fraxinella

AbstractThe ash leaf cone roller, Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely), is a leaf-mining moth that has recently become a significant pest of horticultural ash, Fraxinus L., species in communities throughout the western prairie provinces of Canada. The study examines the spatial and temporal within-host distribution of immature stages of C. fraxinella on green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Female C. fraxinella showed a preference for oviposition sites in the lower canopy and on the south side of the tree at the beginning and middle of the 3-week oviposition period, respectively, but no preference at the end of the period. Oviposition was constrained temporally and occurred mainly just after green ash bud flush. Immature stages were sampled throughout the growing season, and measured widths of larval head capsules showed five instars. Fourth-instar larvae disperse from the mined leaflet to a new leaflet, roll it into a cone, and pupate. Neither canopy height nor ordinal direction affected the position of larvae in the canopy, but numbers of immature stages varied by tree within a site. Female and male moths eclose from rolled leaf cones synchronously throughout the emergence period. The study provides some of the basic biological information required to design an integrated pest management program to target this emerging pest of horticultural ash trees.

scholarly journals Cold Tolerance of Container-grown Green Ash Trees Is Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilizer Type and Rate

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn F. Scagel ◽  
Richard P. Regan ◽  
Rita Hummel ◽  
Guihong Bi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Current Season ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
C Metabolism

A study was conducted to determine whether nitrogen (N) application rate and fertilizer form are related to cold tolerance of buds and stems using container-grown ‘Summit’ green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) trees. Trees were grown with different rates of N from either urea formaldehyde (UF) or a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) containing ammonium nitrate during the 2006 growing season; and growth, N and carbon (C) composition, and cold tolerance were evaluated in Oct. 2006, Dec. 2006, and Feb. 2007 by assessing the lowest survival temperature (LST) of stem and bud tissues on current season (2006) stems. Both fertilizer type and rate influenced the bud and stem LSTs. The influence of fertilizer rate was most evident on midwinter (December) stem LSTs and the influence of fertilizer type was observed in bud and stem LSTs during the deacclimation period in February. Higher LSTs were associated with higher N concentrations and lower C/N ratios; however, stems and buds of trees fertilized with UF were more cold-tolerant (had lower LSTs) than stems and buds on trees fertilized with CRF. Fertilizer type resulted in several differences in N and C translocation and metabolism during the fall and winter. Our results indicate trees with a similar N status are able to withstand different levels of cold depending on the rate of N and the type or form of fertilizer used during production. This may have to do with differences in how trees metabolize the different fertilizer forms, where and when the N is stored, and how it is remobilized in the spring, especially in relation to C metabolism.

Genetic structure of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica): implications for the establishment ofex situconservation protocols in light of the invasion of the emerald ash borer

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance E. Hausman ◽  
Michelle M. Bertke ◽  
John F. Jaeger ◽  
Oscar J. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
The Usa

The USA is experiencing a prolific invasion of the wood-boring emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennis. Native to Asia, this beetle completes its life cycle on ash trees and results in nearly complete mortality of all infested trees. In the present study, we examined the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation among eight populations ofFraxinus pennsylvanica(green ash) using five polymorphic microsatellite loci. Genetic information was used to design guidelines for the establishment of a seed collection sampling strategy to conserve the genetic diversity of ash trees. We found high levels of genetic diversity, as indicated by the allelic richness, both across the populations (16.4 ± 5.18 alleles per locus) and within them (8.03 ± 1.21 alleles per locus). The expected and observed heterozygosity was also high (0.805 ± 0.38 and 0.908 ± 0.04, respectively), and there was moderate genetic differentiation among the populations (FST= 0.083) with members of these eight populations grouped into three distinct clusters. We examined the relationship between the number of individuals sampled and the number of alleles captured in a random sample taken from a population of 10,000 individuals. Only sample sizes of 100 individuals captured most of the alleles (average = 78.74 alleles), but only seven of 50 samples effectively captured all the 82 alleles. Smaller samples did not capture all alleles. A probabilistic model was used to determine an optimal sampling strategy, and it was concluded that a collection of 200 seeds from each of five mother trees would have the highest likelihood of capturing all alleles in a population.

scholarly journals Effects of Cutting Time, Stump Height, and Herbicide Application on Ash (Fraxinus Spp.) Stump Sprouting and Colonization by Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis)

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby R. Petrice ◽  
Robert A. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Stump Sprouting ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Fraxinus Nigra

Abstract Efforts to eradicate or slow the spread of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]) include cutting infested and nearby uninfested ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. However, ash trees readily sprout after they have been cut, providing potential host material for EAB. In 2004–2005, we conducted studies to determine how different cutting times (midspring, late spring, and late summer), different cutting heights (0–5, 10–15, and 20–25 cm above the ground), and triclopyr (44% active ingredient) stump treatment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees affected subsequent stump sprouting and colonization by EAB. We also cut white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) trees 20–25 cm above the ground in late spring. Some stumps of each ash species tested sprouted and were colonized by EAB. All green ash stumps treated with triclopyr died and were not colonized by EAB. Stump sprouting was significantly lower for stumps cut in late spring compared with stumps cut in midspring or late summer. Stump sprouting did not vary significantly among cutting heights. None of the green ash stumps cut in midspring or cut 0–5 cm above the ground were colonized by EAB; however, the frequency of stump colonization by EAB did not vary significantly among cutting times or cutting heights.

Caloptilia fraxinella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), a new pest of ash (Oleaceae: Fraxinus spp.) on the Canadian prairies

2004 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Pohl ◽  
Christopher Saunders ◽  
William B. Barr ◽  
Mark D. Wartenbe ◽  
Sherri L. Fownes
Keyword(s):  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Leaf Roller ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Manchurian Ash ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Black Ash ◽  
Caloptilia Fraxinella

In 1999, the leaf roller Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was noticed for the first time in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, on ornamental green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.) and black ash (F. nigra Marsh.) (Oleaceae). It has since been found there on Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica Rupr.) and white ash (F. americana L.). Specimens were collected and reared, and vouchers have been deposited in the Canadian Forest Service Arthropod Collection in Edmonton and the Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNC) in Ottawa, Ontario.

scholarly journals Multiple-year Protection of Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer with a Single Trunk Injection of Emamectin Benzoate, and Single-year Protection with an Imidacloprid Basal Drench

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 206-211
Author(s):  
David Smitley ◽  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
David Cox
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Injection Treatment ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Trunk Injection

Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) street trees ranging in size from 25 to 45 cm dbh were trunk injected with emamectin benzoate at rates of 0.10–0.60 g ai/2.54 cm dbh at three Michigan, U.S., locations in 2005 or 2006. Tree health was monitored by annual canopy thinning and dieback ratings for up to four years after a single treatment. Branch samples were collected in the autumn and the bark removed to count emerald ash borer larvae for most treatments over the same period of time. A single trunk injection treatment of emamectin benzoate at the 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 g ai rate gave 100% control of emerald ash borer larvae in 98 of 99 treated trees for 2–3 years. Canopy ratings for treated trees remained similar for 2–4 years following trunk injection, while >50% of the control trees died during the same period of time. Ash trees that received a combination of an imidacloprid trunk injection and an imidacloprid basal drench or an annual imidacloprid basal drench had similar canopy ratings, but more larvae were found in branches from trees receiving the annual basal drench.

Condition of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) overstory and regeneration at three stages of the emerald ash borer invasion wave

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 768-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Burr ◽  
Deborah G. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Invasion Wave ◽  
Sapling Growth ◽  
Overstory Trees

Assessing emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) impacts in North American forests is essential for projecting future species composition of stands invaded by this phloem-feeding pest. We surveyed all species of overstory trees and regeneration in 2010 and 2011 in 24 forested sites with a major component of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), representing the Core, Crest, and Cusp of the A. planipennis invasion wave across southern Michigan. By 2011, an average of 78.6% ± 0.10%, 44.8% ± 0.11%, and 19.8% ± 0.07% of overstory ash trees representing 87%, 57%, and 14% of the total ash basal area had been killed in Core, Crest, and Cusp sites, respectively. Green ash seedlings, saplings, and recruits were abundant in all sites, but newly germinated ash seedlings were absent in Core sites and scarce in Crest sites. Canopy gaps resulting from current ash decline and mortality increased available photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and sapling growth in Crest sites, but PAR was low in Core and Cusp sites. Lateral ingrowth of non-ash overstory trees has largely filled canopy gaps in Core sites, and there was little evidence of green ash recruitment into the overstory. Green ash appears unlikely to persist as a dominant species in forests invaded by A. planipennis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Xylem Discoloration in Ash Trees Associated with Macroinjections of a Systemic Insecticide

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tanis ◽  
Deborah McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis), first identified near Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in 2002, has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in 28 states and two Canadian provinces to date. Trunk injections of insecticide products containing emamectin benzoate (EB) (e.g., TREE-ageR) are often used to protect ash trees in landscapes from EAB, but wounds and potential injury resulting from injections are a concern. Researchers examined 507 injection sites on 61 trees and recorded evidence of secondary wounding (e.g., external bark cracks, internal xylem necrosis and pathogen infection). Researchers assessed 233 injection sites on 22 green ash and 24 white ash trees macro-injected with a low or a medium-high rate of EB in 2008 only, or in both 2008 and 2009. Only 12 of 233 injection sites (5%) were associated with external bark cracks and there was no evidence of pathogen infection. On 39 of the 46 trees (85%), new xylem was growing over injection sites. Researchers assessed 274 injection sites on 15 green ash trees injected annually with EB from 2008 to 2013 or injected in 2008 and again in 2011. Bark cracks were associated with four injection sites on three trees, but no evidence of injury was found on the other 12 trees. All 15 trees had new xylem laid over injection sites. Confocal laser scanning and polarizing digital microscopy were used to assess the integrity of discolored xylem tissue removed from the immediate area surrounding 140 injection sites on 61 trees. Researchers found no evidence of decay associated with discoloration.

scholarly journals Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.

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