The Comparative Internal Larval Anatomy of Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (S1) ◽  
pp. 5-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doreen E. Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Progressive Change ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Gland Cells

AbstractExamination of 132 recognized species of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) from America, Europe, Africa, and Australia, has demonstrated the value of internal anatomical larval detail as a taxonomic tool and an indicator of phylogenetic relationship. Two characters, the salivary glands and Malpighian tubules, proved of major importance. The salivary glands fall into three main categories, narrow squared ducts and incorporated gland cells (the Orthandria with the exception of the Xyelidae), narrow ducts and sheathlike gland cells (the Xyelidae), and either increased cell numbers and narrow branching ducts or expanded ducts (the Tenthredinoidea). Three divisions of the Tenthredinidae are suggested, viz. the Selandriinae-Dolerinae-Athaliinae-Lycaotinae, the Nematinae, and the Blennocampinae-Allantinae-Heterarthrinae-Tenthredininae, corresponding to Malpighian tubule groupings of primitive, intermediate-advanced, and advanced. Character trends are discussed in the light of existing adult arrangements (Ross and Benson), and external larval (Yuasa). The survey emphasizes the need of a revision of family and subfamily limits. Where identification is difficult, internal anatomy is of use in determination to genus and species as well as to family and subfamily. The frequency of parallel evolution does not affect the use of certain characters indicative of progressive change within a group.

Organ growth without cell division: somatic polyploidy in a moth, Ephestia kuehniella

Genome ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Buntrock ◽  
František Marec ◽  
Sarah Krueger ◽  
Walther Traut
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Silk Gland ◽  
Ephestia Kuehniella ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
First Instar

Organ growth depends on cell division and (or) cell growth. Here, we present a study on two organs whose growth depends entirely on cell growth, once they are formed in the embryo: Malpighian tubules and silk glands of the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella . Between first and last larval instar, the volume of Malpighian tubule cells increases by a factor of ∼1800 and that of silk gland cells by a factor of ∼3100. We determined the number of endocyles required to reach these stages by Feulgen cytometry. Cells of Malpighian tubules were in the 2C stage in first instar larvae and reached 1024C after 9 endocycles in last instar larvae (1C = 0.45 pg DNA). Silk gland cells already reached a DNA content of 8C–16C in first instar larvae and attained up to 8192C in last instar larvae after a total of 12 endocycles. The nuclei were small and more or less spherical in first instar larvae, but they were huge, flat, and bizarrely branched in last instar larvae. We consider branching as a compensatory adaptation to improve molecular traffic between nucleus and cytoplasm in these excessively large and highly polyploid cells (i) by reducing the mean distance between nucleus and cytoplasm and (ii) by enlarging the surface-to-volume ratio of these nuclei.

scholarly journals 5-Hydroxytryptamine: a second diuretic hormone in Rhodnius prolixus

1991 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Maddrell ◽  
W. S. Herman ◽  
R. L. Mooney ◽  
J. A. Overton
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Tubule Fluid

Bioassays of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in fifth-instar Rhodnius prolixus haemolymph using Calliphora salivary glands indicate that: (1) biologically active 5-HT is present, (2) in unfed animals there is not enough 5-HT to stimulate Malpighian tubule fluid secretion, and (3) there is enough 5-HT soon after the initiation of feeding to stimulate rapid tubule secretion. The 5-HT receptor antagonists ketanserin and spiperone reversibly and selectively inhibit 5-HT-induced fluid secretion, indicating the presence of specific 5-HT receptors on Rhodnius Malpighian tubules. The data provide evidence that 5-HT is a naturally occurring hormone acting with a previously described peptide hormone to regulate diuresis in this species.

Fine Structure of the Malpighian Tubules of the Mosquito, Culex pipiens

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 402-403
Author(s):  
Brendan Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Basal Plasma

An ultrastructural investigation of the Malpighian tubules of the fourth instar larva of Culex pipiens was undertaken as part of a continuing study of the fine structure of transport epithelia.Each of the five Malpighian tubules was found to be morphologically identical and regionally undifferentiated. Two distinct cell types, the primary and stellate, were found intermingled along the length of each tubule. The ultrastructure of the stellate cell was previously described in the Malpighian tubule of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala by Berridge and Oschman.The basal plasma membrane of the primary cell is extremely irregular, giving rise to a complex interconnecting network of basal channels. The compartments of cytoplasm entrapped within this system of basal infoldings contain mitochondria, free ribosomes, and small amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria are distinctive in that the cristae run parallel to the long axis of the organelle.

scholarly journals Progression of Watermelon Bud Necrosis Virus Infection in Its Vector, Thrips palmi

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Amalendu Ghosh ◽  
Priti ◽  
Bikash Mandal ◽  
Ralf G. Dietzgen
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Thrips Palmi ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Anterior Midgut

Thrips are important pests of agricultural, horticultural, and forest crops worldwide. In addition to direct damages caused by feeding, several thrips species can transmit diverse tospoviruses. The present understanding of thrips–tospovirus relationships is largely based on studies of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Little is known about other predominant tospoviruses and their thrips vectors. In this study, we report the progression of watermelon bud necrosis virus (WBNV) infection in its vector, melon thrips (Thrips palmi). Virus infection was visualized in different life stages of thrips using WBNV-nucleocapsid protein antibodies detected with FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies. The anterior midgut was the first to be infected with WBNV in the first instar larvae. The midgut of T. palmi was connected to the principal salivary glands (PSG) via ligaments and the tubular salivary glands (TSG). The infection progressed to the PSG primarily through the connecting ligaments during early larval instars. The TSG may also have an ancillary role in disseminating WBNV from the midgut to PSG in older instars of T. palmi. Infection of WBNV was also spread to the Malpighian tubules, hindgut, and posterior portion of the foregut during the adult stage. Maximum virus-specific fluorescence in the anterior midgut and PSG indicated the primary sites for WBNV replication. These findings will help to better understand the thrips–tospovirus molecular relationships and identify novel potential targets for their management. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the WBNV dissemination path in its vector, T. palmi.

scholarly journals The Genes raw and ribbon Are Required for Proper Shape of Tubular Epithelial Tissues in Drosophila

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Jack ◽  
Guy Myette
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Dorsal Closure ◽  
Epithelial Tissues ◽  
Cell Rearrangement

Abstract The products of two genes, raw and ribbon (rib), are required for the proper morphogenesis of a variety of tissues. Malpighian tubules mutant for raw or rib are wider and shorter than normal tubules, which are only two cells in circumference when they are fully formed. The mutations alter the shape of the tubules beginning early in their formation and block cell rearrangement late in development, which normally lengthens and narrows the tubes. Mutations of both genes affect a number of other tissues as well. Both genes are required for dorsal closure and retraction of the CNS during embryonic development. In addition, rib mutations block head involution, and broaden and shorten other tubular epithelia (salivary glands, tracheae, and hindgut) in much same manner as they alter the shape of the Malpighian tubules. In tissues in which the shape of cells can be observed readily, rib mutations alter cell shape, which probably causes the change in shape of the organs that are affected. In double mutants raw enhances the phenotypes of all the tissues that are affected by rib but unaffected by raw alone, indicating that raw is also active in these tissues.

Anti-diuresis in the blood-feeding insect Rhodnius prolixus Stål: the peptide CAP2b and cyclic GMP inhibit Malpighian tubule fluid secretion.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (17) ◽  
pp. 2363-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Quinlan ◽  
N J Tublitz ◽  
M J O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Tubule Fluid ◽  
Secretion Rates

Rhodnius prolixus eliminates NaCl-rich urine at high rates following its infrequent but massive blood meals. This diuresis involves stimulation of Malpighian tubule fluid secretion by diuretic hormones released in response to distention of the abdomen during feeding. The precipitous decline in urine flow that occurs several hours after feeding has been thought until now to result from a decline in diuretic hormone release. We suggest here that insect cardioacceleratory peptide 2b (CAP2b) and cyclic GMP are part of a novel mechanism of anti-diuresis. Secretion rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine-stimulated Malpighian tubules are reduced by low doses of CAP2b or cyclic GMP. Maximal secretion rates are restored by exposing tubules to 1 mmol l-1 cyclic AMP. Levels of cyclic GMP in isolated tubules increase in response to CAP2b, consistent with a role for cyclic GMP as an intracellular second messenger. Levels of cyclic GMP in tubules also increase as urine output rates decline in vivo, suggesting a physiological role for this nucleotide in the termination of diuresis.

The permeability properties of septate junctions in Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius

1987 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.B. Skaer ◽  
S.H. Maddrell ◽  
J.B. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Septate Junctions ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Intercellular Clefts ◽  
Luminal Flow ◽  
Tubule Cells ◽  
Positively Charged

This paper describes the structural characteristics and permeability properties of the smooth septate junctions between the upper Malpighian tubule cells of a blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. The permeability of the paracellular route was tested only for solutes that could be demonstrated not to cross the epithelium via the cellular route. The intercellular clefts were readily permeated by sucrose, inulin and polyethylene glycol (PEG), showing a higher permeability to molecules of smaller radius (PEG versus sucrose). Negatively charged molecules permeated the clefts more readily than positively charged ones. The effects of pH, urea and luminal flow rate on permeability were studied. The results are discussed in relation to the physiological tightness of the Malpighian tubules to certain solutes and to its function as an excretory epithelium.

scholarly journals Active transport of brilliant blue FCF across the Drosophila midgut and Malpighian tubule epithelia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawson B.H. Livingston ◽  
Hirva Patel ◽  
Andrew Donini ◽  
Heath A. MacMillan
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Brilliant Blue ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Barrier Disruption ◽  
Brilliant Blue Fcf ◽  
Summary Statement

AbstractUnder conditions of stress, many animals suffer from epithelial barrier disruption that can cause molecules to leak down their concentration gradients, potentially causing a loss of organismal homeostasis, further injury or death. Drosophila is a common insect model, used to study barrier disruption related to aging, traumatic injury, or environmental stress. Net leak of a non-toxic dye (Brilliant blue FCF) from the gut lumen to the hemolymph is often used to identify barrier failure under these conditions, but Drosophila are capable of actively transporting structurally-similar compounds. Here, we examined whether cold stress (like other stresses) causes Brilliant blue FCF (BB-FCF) to appear in the hemolymph of flies fed the dye, and if so whether Drosophila are capable of clearing this dye from their body following chilling. Using in situ midgut leak and transport assays as well as Ramsay assays of Malpighian tubule transport, we tested whether these ionoregulatory epithelia can actively transport BB-FCF. In doing so, we found that the Drosophila midgut and Malpighian tubules can mobilize BB-FCF via an active transcellular pathway, suggesting that elevated concentrations of the dye in the hemolymph may occur from increased paracellular permeability, reduced transcellular clearance, or both.Summary StatementDrosophila are able to actively secrete Brilliant blue FCF, a commonly used marker of barrier dysfunction

Amino-Acid Metabolism in Locust Tissues

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
B. A. KILBY ◽  
ELISABETH NEVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Mitochondrial Fractions

1. Homogenates of fat-body of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. were shown to catalyse transamination reactions between α-ketoglutarate and numerous α-amino acids. The aspartate/glutamate and alanine/glutamate transaminases were the most active. They were present in both the ‘soluble’ and the mitochondrial fractions of fat-body cells and also in Malpighian tubules and mid-gut wall. The other transaminases in the fat-body were confined to the mitochondrial fraction. 2. Fat-body, Malpighian tubule and mid-gut wall homogenates were able to convert glutamic acid into glutamine, a compound which could also act as an amino-group donor in some transamination reactions. 3. A glutamate-cytochrome c reductase system which involved diphosphopyridine nucleotide was present in fat-body. 4. Fat-body contained an active arginase, but urease could not be detected. A D-amino-acid oxidase was present, together with a less active L-amino-acid oxidase. 5. In general, it appears that amino-acid metabolism in the locust resembles that in higher animals.

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