A REVISION OF THE GENERA OF THE SYRPHINI (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (S62) ◽  
pp. 5-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Vockeroth
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The World ◽  
Neotropical Fauna ◽  
Ethiopian Region ◽  
Almost All ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
World Distribution

AbstractA revised generic classification of world Syrphini is proposed. It is based on a study of characters of the adults of 318 described species plus approximately 85 more species as yet either undescribed or unidentified. Thirty-seven genera are recognized; keys to these genera, and to the smaller number of genera known from each of the major zoogeographic regions (except the eastern Palaearctic and Oriental) are presented. Eight new genera, Notosyrphus (South America), Exallandra (Ethiopian Region), Citrogramma (Oriental Region and Australia), Dideomima (Mexico), Hermesomyia (Ecuador), Pseudoscaeva (North and South America), Antillus (Haiti), and Giluwea (New Guinea), and two new subgenera, Melangyna (Austrosyrphus) (Australia and New Zealand) and M. (Melanosyrphus) (New Guinea), are described. Nine new species, in Melangyna (Melanosyrphus), Citrogramma, Hermesomyia, Antillus, and Giluwea, are described. The genus Orphnabaccha is transferred from the tribe Bacchini to the Syrphini, and the genus Toxomerus (including Mesograpta) is referred to the tribe Toxomerini. Maps showing the world distribution of each genus and subgenus, and figures of the male terminalia of the type-species of almost all genera and subgenera, are presented.The peculiar nature of the Neotropical fauna of Syrphini, with almost all species belonging to two large and very diverse genera, is compared with the situation in the rest of the world, where in most major regions the Syrphini consist mostly of a moderate number of medium-sized genera each of which shows much less diversity. Possible reasons for this difference, and for the great preponderance of more primitive Diptera among those with apparent transantarctic relationships, are suggested.

IV.—The Geological Development, Descent and Distribution of the Mammalia

1893 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl A. von Zittel
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The Past ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
North And South America ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South ◽  
Animal World

In a spirited treatise on the ‘Origin of our Animal World’ Prof. L. Rütimeyer, in the year 1867, described the geological development and distribution of the mammalia, and the relationship of the different faunas of the past with each other and with that now existing. Although, since the appearance of that masterly sketch the palæontological material has been, at least, doubled through new discoveries in Europe and more especially in North and South America, this unexpected increase has in most instances only served as a confirmation of the views which Rutimeyer advanced on more limited experience. At present, Africa forms the only great gap in our knowledge of the fossil mammalia; all the remaining parts of the world can show materials more or less abundantly, from which the course followed by the mammalia in their geological development can be traced with approximate certainty.

“Stay and Starve, Or Go and Prosper!” Juvenile Emigration from Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Equable Climate ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The nineteenth century saw the beginning of large-scale migration of population from western Europe to various countries of the world. North and South America had proven hospitable in previous centuries and the southern tip of Africa presented an equable climate as well as strategic location. The islands of the southern seas reached by Cook and Van Diemen proved equally attractive if more remote. In retrospect it seems inevitable that, with the exception of South America, they were bound to be English-speaking. Even South America had its British farming colonists at one stage. In 1826 just under two hundred Highland Scots embarked for Topo in the highlands of Colombia (United Kingdom, 1827). Significantly, one hundred and two of them were under fourteen years of age.

3. A global art history?

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-62
Author(s):  
Dana Arnold
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Art History ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Western Art ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Yuan Dynasty ◽  
North And South America ◽  
Global Art ◽  
North And South

Are the practices of Western art history appropriate for the study of art from cultures outside its geographical boundaries and conventional timeframe? The bias in this interpretation of the subject opens up the questions of the importance of the canon in art history and how we view non-figurative, primitive, and naive art. ‘A global art history?’ considers a range of different examples of artistic practice from around the world, including the sculpture of the Dogon people of Mali and the calligraphy of Wu Zhen, who was active during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). It also discusses what is meant by the ‘primitive’ arts of Oceania, Africa, and North and South America.

scholarly journals It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3477 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRSTEN E. NICHOLSON ◽  
BRIAN I. CROTHER ◽  
CRAIG GUYER ◽  
JAY M. SAVAGE
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Stable Classification ◽  
Taxonomic Categories

In this essay, we review concepts of taxonomic categories of anoles, reanalyze accumulated characteristics of these lizards,use these analyses to summarize the topology of the phylogenetic tree for anoles, and use consistent major branches ofthis topology to recommend a classification scheme for this large group of squamates. We then use this new taxonomy todraw inferences about the evolution of habitat use, as well as the geologic ages and geographic distribution of anolelineages. Our taxonomy eliminates problems of paraphyly inherent in previous classifications by elevating eight majorlineages to generic status (Anolis, Audantia, Chamaelinorops, Ctenonotus, Dactyloa, Deiroptyx, Norops, and Xiphosurus), providing diagnoses of those genera, and then doing the same for species groups within each genus. With the exceptionof 19 species, the contents of our generic categories are consistent with all recent phylogenetic reconstructions. Thus, therevised taxonomy appears to provide a stable classification for at least 95% of the 387 species currently recognized andincluded in our treatment of the group. We argue that these lizards originated in South America ~130 ma, where they werelarge in size and occupied niches focused on the canopy of rainforest trees. The radiation diverged into eight genera125–65 ma within a volcanic island arc that connected North and South America. This evolutionary diversificationgenerated three genera (Deiroptyx, Dactyloa, and Xiphosurus) that retained an ancestral large size and canopy niche focusand five genera (Anolis, Audantia, Chamaelinorops, Ctenonotus, and Norops) that became small, with niches focusedtoward the ground. The complicated divergence and accretion events that generated the current conformation of theAntillean islands, and eventually closed the Panamanian Portal, transported six island genera to their current centers ofdiversity (Anolis, Audantia, Chamaelinorops, Ctenonotus, Deiroptyx, and Xiphosurus), leaving two genera on themainland (Dactyloa and Norops). Our historical reconstruction makes Norops a much older radiation than previousreconstructions, allowing basal diversification of this species-rich lineage to occur on mainland terrains that eventuallyseparated from the mainland to become parts of Cuba and Jamaica. This early diversification extended into northern South America, where a basal lineage of Norops coevolved with Dactyloa prior to the mainland-island separation.

Taxonomic notes and validation of Oenothera acutifolia (Onagraceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 427 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
MONIKA WOŹNIAK-CHODACKA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
The World ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Oenothera Linnaeus (1753: 346) (Onagraceae) is indigenous to North America (Dietrich et al. 1997), where the great diversity of the genus is reflected by its division into 18 sections and several subsections and series (Wagner et al. 2007). At different times and circumstances, particular evening-primrose species have naturalized in other parts of the world—currently they are known from nearly all continents: North and South America, Asia, Australia, Africa and Europe as well (Cleland 1972, Dietrich et al. 1997, Rostański et al. 2004). Reaching new lands, they began to spread and hybridize with each other, which might have resulted in the origin of new species, unknown from the native area (Dietrich et al. 1997).

VII.—The Classification of the Phacopidæ

1905 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Cowper Reed
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Partial Coalescence ◽  
Structural Importance ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

In North and South America and in South Africa there is a considerable variety of types of the Dalmaniles-branch in the Devonian period which have in many cases received distinctive subgeneric names; but species retaining the typical characters of the Silurian forms persist at any rate in North America. Many of these Devonian forms show incomplete second lateral furrows on the glabella, these furrows not reaching the axial furrows and causing a partial coalescence of the two middle lateral lobes. This tendency towards the fusion of the first and second lateral lobes of the glabella is a departure from the perfect segmentation found in typical Silurian members of Dalmanites, and has caused Clarke to group all such forms together into the subgenus or section Synphoria. This type of structure, as Van Ingen has recently shown, is not unknown amongst the Silurian species of Dalmanites in America, but it finds its most pronounced development in Devonian time and occurs in the groups Coronura, Corycephalus, Odontocephalus, and Probolium, all of which are put by Clarke in the section Synphoria. The marginal ornamentation and different processes on the pygidium and head-shield on which these four groups have been founded are scarcely of the same structural importance as the modifications of the glabellar segmentation. As in other families, the spinosity of these forms is the symbol of a last expiring effort before extinction.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE WORLD MACROPSINI (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (9) ◽  
pp. 875-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
National Museum ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Bishop Museum ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethiopian Region ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe generic classification of the Macropsini is reviewed, and five new genera and four new subgenera are erected: Macropsella n. gen., Macropsis (Neomacropsis) n. subgen, M. (Parapediopsis) n. subgen., Pedionis n. gen., P. (Thyia) n. subgen., Pediopsoides (Celopsis) n. subgen.; Reticopsis n. gen., Toropsis n. gen., and Varicopsella n. gen.. The following genus-group names are considered to be subgenera: Macropsidius Ribaut as a subgenus of Macropsis Lewis; Nanopsis Freytag, Kiamoncopsis Linnavuori and Sispocnis Anufriev as subgenera of Pediopsoides Matsumura; Parasitades Singh-Pruthi as a subgenus of Oncopsis Burmeister. Asmaropsis Linnavuori is synonymized with Hephathus Ribaut, Tsavopsis Linnavuori is synonymized with Macropsis (s.s.) Lewis, and Zinneca Amyot & Serville is synonymized with Oncopsis Burm. (s.s.).Three hundred and seventy-three macropsine species (including 59 unnamed species) are placed generically, with 73 new combinations. Twelve new species are described: Macropsella complicata (New Guinea), Macropsis citronella (Australia), M. gagnei (New Guinea), M. gressitti (New Guinea), Oncopsis enopis (Nepal), O. nepalensis (Nepal), O. tortosa (Nepal), Pedionis astrala (Philippines), P. contrasta (Hong Kong), P. venosa (Japan), Pediopsis femorata (Formosa), Varicopsella obtusa (Borneo). An index is provided to the 436 available names in the Macropsini, including four unplaced species from the Ethiopian region and 21 from the Australian region.Macropsine types in the B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, the British Museum (Natural History), London, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, and the U.S. National Museum, Washington are illustrated and lectotypes are designated for Kirkaldy and Matsumura species. A neotype in the Canadian National Collection is designated for Zinneca flavidorsum Amyot & Serville.

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