SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 952-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Riegert
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Recent Information ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Sandhill Cranes ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

AbstractA brief historical review of the occurrence of the clear-winged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudd.), is presented as well as recent information pertaining to the biology of its various life stages. In the egg stage, diapause is more successfully terminated by chilling at 5 °C for 70 days than at either 0 or −7 °C. Embryological development proceeded very favourably at incubation temperatures of 30 °C while 35 °C produced excessive mortality especially to pre-blastokinesis embryos. Most embryos in eggs of this species reach the same pre-blastokinesis stage of development more consistently every year than do those of other pest species of grasshopper in Saskatchewan. Thirty days of chilling at −12, −18, and −23 °C reduced the viability of the eggs by about 10, 20, and 50% respectively. Exposure to −29 °C killed all eggs in 3.5 to 5 hours.The phototactic and thermokinetic reactions of nymphs and adults, leading to aggregation, basking, and dispersal, are discussed and compared with those of other species. Details of nymphal migrations are described and related to such meteorological factors as wind, temperature, and position of the sun. Some further details of mating and oviposition are described, especially aggregation on egg beds and oviposition in stubble fields. Observations of predation by sandhill cranes and skunks are also recorded.

scholarly journals Interplanetary Disturbances Affecting Space Weather

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (S300) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interplanetary Medium ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The Sun ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Large Scale Disturbance ◽  
Mass Ejection ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe Sun somehow accelerates the solar wind, an incessant stream of plasma originating in coronal holes and some, as yet unidentified, regions. Occasionally, coronal, and possibly sub-photospheric structures, conspire to energize a spectacular eruption from the Sun which we call a coronal mass ejection (CME). These can leave the Sun at very high speeds and travel through the interplanetary medium, resulting in a large-scale disturbance of the ambient background plasma. These interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) can drive shocks which in turn accelerate particles, but also have a distinct intrinsic magnetic structure which is capable of disturbing the Earth's magnetic field and causing significant geomagnetic effects. They also affect other planets, so they can and do contribute to space weather throughout the heliosphere. This paper presents a historical review of early space weather studies, a modern-day example, and discusses space weather throughout the heliosphere.

VARIATIONS IN FALL EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THREE GRASSHOPPER SPECIES

1948 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-12) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
General Study ◽  
Grasshopper Species ◽  
Stage Of Development

A study of embryological development in grasshopper eggs was made as a part of a general study of the effect of weather on the seasonal development of grasshoppers. The variation in the stage of development in which eggs of Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.), and Camnula pellucida (Scud.) entered the winters of 1941 to 1947 in different areas of the Prairie Region of Canada is presented in the following paper.

scholarly journals Estimating the differences in critical thermal maximum and metabolic rate of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) across life stages

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12479
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Bawa ◽  
Peter C. Gregg ◽  
Alice P. Del Soccoro ◽  
Cara Miller ◽  
Nigel R. Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Insect Activity ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Temperature is a crucial driver of insect activity and physiological processes throughout their life-history, and heat stress may impact life stages (larvae, pupae and adult) in different ways. Using thermolimit respirometry, we assessed the critical thermal maxima (CTmax-temperature at which an organism loses neuromuscular control), CO2 emission rate (V́CO2) and Q10 (a measure of V́CO2 temperature sensitivity) of three different life stages of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) by increasing their temperature exposure from 25 °C to 55 °C at a rate of 0.25 °C min−1. We found that the CTmax of larvae (49.1 °C ± 0.3 °C) was higher than pupae (47.4 °C ± 0.2 °C) and adults (46.9 °C ± 0.2 °C). The mean mass-specific CO2 emission rate (ml V́CO2 h−1) of larvae (0.26 ± 0.03 ml V́CO2 h−1) was also higher than adults (0.24 ± 0.04 ml V́CO2 h−1) and pupae (0.06 ± 0.02 ml V́CO2 h−1). The Q10: 25–35 °C for adults (2.01 ± 0.22) was significantly higher compared to larvae (1.40 ± 0.06) and Q10: 35–45 °C for adults (3.42 ± 0.24) was significantly higher compared to larvae (1.95 ± 0.08) and pupae (1.42 ± 0.98) respectively. We have established the upper thermal tolerance of H. punctigera, which will lead to a better understanding of the thermal physiology of this species both in its native range, and as a pest species in agricultural systems.

scholarly journals Optical Observations of Galactic and Extragalactic Light: Implications for Galactic Structure

1990 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Gary N. Toller
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Interstellar Extinction ◽  
Galactic Structure ◽  
Optical Observations ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
Background Light ◽  
Dominant Component ◽  
Spiral Arm

A historical review of integrated starlight, diffuse galactic light, and extragalactic light studies is presented. Together, these components compose the “background light.” Methods ranging from star counts to space-based photometric surveys have succeeded in quantifying the contribution of each component of the background. Integrated starlight is the dominant component. The contribution of diffuse galactic light in the general interstellar medium peaks slightly off the galactic plane and declines toward higher latitudes. The extragalactic light has been determined from both galaxy counts and photometric methods. The blue and red intensity and B–R color distribution of background light have been mapped. The relation between galactic structure and background light measurements is established. The distribution of interstellar extinction is the primary regulator of the brightness. However, spiral arm and stellar distribution effects are discerned in Carina and Sagittarius. The sun lies 13 pc north of the galactic plane as defined by brightness and dust distributions.

Toxic effect of different neem formulations against pests and mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Zikry Dimetry
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Albino Mice

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), popularly known as traditional medicine is a native plant in India. Neem is regarded as a promising tree species  which can be  utilized in variety ways to benefit agricultural communities throughout the world. Neem based insecticides were efficient for the control of various pest species, but their low residual effect and lack of standardized formulations are problems for field application. Also, neem is somewhat have toxic effect in nature.  The incorporation of nanotechnology as a mean for nanopesticides is in the early stage of development. Nevertheless, the nanosphere formulation showed enhanced systemicity of the active ingredients and improved its penetration through the plant, due to their small size. Nanoencapsulated pesticides can provide controlled release kinetics, while efficiently enhancing permeability, stability, and solubility. Nanoencapsulation can enhance the pest-control efficiency over extended durations by preventing degradation of active ingredients under environmental conditions. This review is thus organized to critically assess the toxicological effects i.e to study the symptoms, mechanisms and detections of poisoning vertebrates especially people. The prepared neem nano-formulations compared with the bulk one have to be assessed on albino mice through two main approaches, i.e. determination of acute oral LD50 and study the toxic effect of sublethal dose (LD10) on some biochemical parameters. The effect of the prepared nano-formulations compared to the bulk one on various biomarkers, i.e. hematological, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in albino mice after an oral administration of sub-lethal dose during sub-acute treatment were taken in consideration. Accordingly, this review should thus offer a valuable guide for establishing potential  benefits are emphasized, while little is known on safety or the adverse effects of nano-technologies in the agro-food sector.

Effects of low incubation temperatures during the pipped egg stage on hatchability and hatching times in domestic chickens and ring-billed gulls

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 836-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
White Leghorn Chicken ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Competitive Disadvantage ◽  
Larus Delawarensis ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Gulls and some other species of birds are known to neglect pipped eggs that remain within the clutch after the first egg(s) hatch. I examined the effects of incubation neglect at this stage of development by cooling eggs in the laboratory. Domestic white leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus) eggs had significantly reduced hatchability and delayed hatch times when incubated at 30 or 27 °C from pipping until hatching. Cyclic cooling for 4 or 7 h out of every 8-h period produced intermediate effects. Pip-to-hatch interval was delayed by as much as 60% in ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) eggs incubated from pipping onwards at 33 °C. To the extent that the laboratory results can be extrapolated to natural incubation, results suggest that egg neglect and low incubation temperatures during the critical final stages of hatching could have adverse effects upon the last egg(s) to hatch within a clutch. Depending on the species, low temperature and retardation could increase chances that a late-hatched young will be left behind when the rest of the brood leaves the nest. Where the hatch is typically asychronous, low incubation temperatures after the first eggs begin to hatch could increase the degree of asynchrony and hence the competitive disadvantage of the last-hatched young.

scholarly journals Potential use of ethyl formate treatment to control surface pests of "Hass" avocado fruit

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Paul P.B. Pidakala ◽  
Reuben T. Wilkinson ◽  
Agam Nangul ◽  
Dominic E. Hartnett ◽  
Natalie E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Fruit Damage ◽  
Hass Avocado ◽  
Potential Use

Ethyl formate (EF) is a Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) alternative to methyl bromide, with potential to control surface pests on New Zealand avocados before export. "Hass" avocados, two-spotted spider mites (TSM) and oleander scale (OS) insects were fumigated with 1.2% EF (240 g VAPORMATE™/m3) at 6 °C for 1, 2 or 4 h. Fruit were then stored at 5 °C for 3 weeks before external and internal fruit quality assessment. Survival of pest species was assessed 1 or 7 days later. Fumigation with 1.2% EF + 10% CO2 for 2 or 4 h controlled all life stages of non-diapausing TSM and all life stages of OS, apart from crawlers (0.3-0.7% survivorship). Diapausing TSM were harder to control (17% ± 4.8% mortality; 4-h treatment). Ethyl formate treatment resulted in damage to avocado skins (41% ± 5.3% – 91% ± 2.0%), and an increase in vascular browning and rots. The EF fumigations of avocado fruit at doses used here have potential to control non-diapausing mites and scale insects, but treated fruit were of unacceptable quality. Future studies could examine whether prior cool storage could reduce fruit damage.

scholarly journals Chemosynthesis in the deep-sea: life without the sun

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 17037-17052 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Cold Seep ◽  
Cold Seeps ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Use Of Resources

Abstract. Chemosynthetic communities in the deep-sea can be found at hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, whale falls and wood falls. While these communities have been suggested to exist in isolation from solar energy, much of the life associated with them relies either directly or indirectly on photosynthesis in the surface waters of the oceans. The sun indirectly provides oxygen, a byproduct of photosynthesis, which aerobic chemosynthetic microorganisms require to synthesize organic carbon from CO2. Planktonic life stages of many vent and cold seep invertebrates also directly feed on photosynthetically produced organic matter as they disperse to new vent and seep systems. While a large portion of the life at deep-sea chemosynthetic habitats can be linked to the sun and so could not survive without it, a small portion of anaerobically chemosynthetic microorganisms can persist in its absence. These small and exotic organisms have developed a way of life in the deep-sea which involves the use of resources originating in their entirety from terrestrial sources.

Domestic railways through the prism of the country's history

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-462
Author(s):  
A. B. Voulfov
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current State ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The World

The construction of railways in Russia, as well as throughout the world, contributed to the emergence of numerous new areas of social life, including stimulating the emergence of previously unknown new sectors of the economy. On the basis of a historical review, the mission of the railways in improving the Russian society is considered, the spheres of influence on public life, aesthetic education and enrichment of the appearance of the landscape, the development of the sphere of enlightenment and education, missionary work, and service are listed. Examples of solving the problem of long-distance year-round communication, regardless of the climate, main communication across the vastness of Russia, the creation of a special tradition of transportation, which determined the still living everyday style of life of Russian railways, are given.Having spawned a new tradition of messages, people have created a different system of relationships with the world. The railway has played a leading role in this and has a long and honorable history, it is a great chronicle of heroism, labor, scientific thought and culture.The study is devoted to the initial stage of development of railways and aspects of their impact on the life of Russians. The following will describe the historical events that predetermined the current state of domestic railways in the context of the everyday life of compatriots.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document