Some Mechanisms That Affect the Sex Ratio of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Reared From Superparasitized Housefly Pupae

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Male Progeny ◽  
Adult Females

AbstractFemale Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) parasitizing housefly (Musca domestica L.) pupae produce a smaller percentage of female progeny at high parasite:host ratios than at lower ones because they fertilize a smaller percentage of their eggs (in this species unfertilized eggs produce male progeny), and because more female than male larvae die on superparasitized hosts. The adult females fertilize relatively fewer eggs at high than at low parasite:host ratios for two reasons. First, they encounter relatively more previously attacked hosts, on which they lay a smaller percentage of fertilized eggs than on previously unattacked ones; second, they more often encounter other female parasites while ovipositing, and this interference reduces the percentage of fertilized eggs they lay.

OBSERVATIONS ON INTRASPECIFIC LARVAL COMPETITION IN THREE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF FLY PUPARIA

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Larval Crowding

AbstractThough they may hatch on any part of a housefly (Musca domestica L.) pupa, most larvae of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) and Muscidifurax raptor G. & S. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) move to the host’s ventral abdominal area, and those of Spalangia cameroni Perk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to the dorsal side of the abdomen, before feeding extensively. As many as 25 larvae of N. vitripennis can mature on a medium-sized housefly pupa; if more are present initially, those that hatch last usually die from starvation after the host has been consumed. In contrast, usually only one larva of M. raptor or S. cameroni matures on a host; this is often the larva that hatches first, because it attacks all parasite eggs that it encounters while moving over the fly pupa soon after hatching. Larval crowding in M. raptor or S. cameroni, unlike that in N. vitripennis, does not affect the sex ratio of the survivors.

SOME EFFECTS OF HOST SIZE ON NASONIA VITRIPENNIS AND MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 742-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis

AbstractFemale Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) discover large housefly (Musca domestica L.) puparia more easily than small ones, and select for drilling a larger percentage of the large ones that they discover. If exposed only to small hosts instead of large ones, the parasites attack more of them in a given time, laying fewer eggs on each. This probably results because changes in parasitized hosts, leading to rejection by the females, occur sooner in small than in large fly pupae. Survival of immature N. vitripennis and of another pteromalid, Muscidifurax raptor G. & S., is greater on large hosts than on small ones. Sex ratio of both parasite species is unaffected by host size.

ALLOZYME VARIATION, RELATEDNESS AMONG PROGENY IN A NEST, AND SEX RATIO IN THE LEAFCUTTER BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (FABRICIUS) (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. McCorquodale ◽  
R.E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Megachile Rotundata ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Nest Parasitism ◽  
Cavity Nesting ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Leafcutter Bee ◽  
Nest Usurpation

AbstractWe assessed enzyme variability in a solitary leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (Fabricius), and found sufficient variability to compare relatedness among progeny in a nest in two samples: (1) nests with an associated adult female (putative mother) and (2) nests with out-of-sequence male progeny (M. rotundata, like most cavity-nesting solitary aculeates, usually provisions all female cells in a nest before any male cells). Estimates of relatedness from nests with associated adult females were consistent with the progeny in a nest being closely related and the offspring of a single, once-mated female. The relatedness estimates from nests with out-of-sequence males were all much lower, suggesting some combination of nest parasitism, nest usurpation, nest abandonment, and multiply mated females in these nests. The high levels of relatedness among female progeny in the first sample, as expected for full sisters in a haplodiploid system, are considered with respect to the evolution of social behaviour in the Hymenoptera. Besides higher estimates of relatedness, the nests with an associated female also had a lower male:female sex ratio than did nests with out-of-sequence males.

The effect of exposure to conspecifics on restlessness in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.H. King
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

AbstractWhen habitat quality is variable, there should be strong selection for the ability to detect and respond to the variation. Adult females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) are known to increase their restlessness (the proportion of time in locomotion) both during and after exposure to a poor quality host. Doing so provides a mechanism for leaving a poor host and potentially finding a better host. This study examined whether restlessness also changes in response to competition as indicated by the presence of adult conspecifics. Both restlessness and the probability of dispersing across an inhospitable environment were greater when a female was with another female than when she was alone. However, restlessness did not remain elevated after the other female was removed. In contrast with females, restlessness of males did not increase either during or after exposure to other males, and the probability of dispersing across an inhospitable environment was unaffected by the presence of another male. The difference between females and males may be related to differences in dispersal ability and in the abundance and distribution of hosts versus mates.

Effects of Superparasitism on Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Food Shortage ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Rate Of Development

AbstractSuperparasitism created a food shortage and thereby reduced survival and size of adult Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reared on pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Superparasitism also reduced the percentage of females in the adult progeny but had no effect on rate of development, ability to emerge, or incidence of diapause in N. vitripennis.

OVIPOSITION RESTRAINT OF SPALANGIA CAMERONI (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON PARASITIZED HOUSEFLY PUPAE

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis

AbstractFemales of Spalangia cameroni Perk, use the ovipositor to differentiate between unparasitized and parasitized housefly (Musca domestica L.) pupae; and prefer to lay on unparasitized hosts instead of those attacked by S. cameroni, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.), or Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The intensities of oviposition restraint on the three kinds of attacked hosts are similar. Changes in parasitized pupae to which the female parasites react probably involve "venoms" injected by each species during oviposition.

CONTROL OF EGG FERTILIZATION BY NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) WHEN LAYING ON PARASITIZED HOUSE FLY PUPAE

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
House Flies

AbstractFemales of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) lay a smaller percentage of fertilized (i.e. female) eggs on house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae previously parasitized by their own species, by Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L., or by Spalangia cameroni Perk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) than on unparasitized hosts. They respond to changes in the fly pupae associated with death, and in the case of house flies attacked by N. vitripennis, to "venoms" injected at that time or to changes unrelated to death. By not fertilizing eggs that they lay on attacked hosts, the females also conserve sperm, for immature N. vitripennis on previously-attacked fly pupae are usually killed by parasite larvae already present.

Effect of Host (Musca domestica Linnaeus) Age on the Pteromalid Parasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walker)

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1226-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Chabora ◽  
David Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis

AbstractAn investigation was made of the influence of age of the host (Musca domestica Linn.) in the pupal stage on the oviposition behavior and development of the pteromalid parasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.). Five age groups of hosts were employed in 10 pair combinations with an excess of hosts available for selection. Except for the 1-day-old hosts, more of the younger hosts of the combinations produced parasite progeny while the older hosts had a high percentage yielding neither fly nor parasite. Parasite production per pupa was 6.25 on the youngest hosts, with the number decreasing to 4.85 per host at 5 days. Hosts 2, 3, and 4 days old combined with 1-day-old hosts had higher rates of parasitism than when combined with hosts of other ages. The ranking for successful parasitization of hosts, by age of pupae, was 2, 3, 1, 4, and 5 days old.

scholarly journals The comparative biology of second sex ratio evolution within a natural population of a parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
S H Orzack
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Comparative Biology ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Second Sex ◽  
Sex Ratio Adjustment ◽  
Optimality Models ◽  
Isofemale Strains

Abstract Correlation and regression analyses indicate that isofemale strains extracted from a population of the parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, differ in the fit of their second sex ratios (those produced in previously parasitized hosts) to the predictions of the theory of optimal facultative sex ratio adjustment. Under the theory's simple assumptions about population structure, there is significant heterogeneity of fitnesses among the isofemale strains. The reasons underlying these types of heterogeneity must be understood before we can make statements about the nature of sex ratio evolution in this species. These results suggest that comparative analyses are essential for testing the qualitative predictions of optimality models.

scholarly journals Diptera of sanitary importance associated with composting of biosolids in Argentina

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Alejandra Labud ◽  
Liliana Graciela Semenas ◽  
Francisca Laos
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Calliphora Vicina ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Community Characteristics ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Phaenicia Sericata ◽  
Composting Facilities

OBJECTIVE: Odorous compounds produced at the biosolids composting plant in Bariloche (NW Patagonia) attract a variety of insects, mainly belonging to the order Diptera. In order to characterize these flies, collected specimens were taxonomically identified, their community characteristics were described and their sanitary and synanthropic importance and autochthonous or introduced character were determined. METHODS: Sampling was performed from October 1999 until March 2000. Adults were collected using an entomological net, and larvae and puparia were obtained from the composting material and incubated to obtain adults. Richness, abundance and sex ratio were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 9 taxa of Diptera were identified: Sarconesia chlorogaster, Phaenicia sericata, Calliphora vicina, Cochliomya macellaria, Ophyra sp, Muscina stabulans, Musca domestica, Sarcophaga sp and Fannia sp. Specimens of Anthomyiidae, Acaliptratae and one larva of Eristalis tenax were also found. Ophyra sp. was the most abundant taxa. All the captured Diptera belonged to introduced taxa. Most of them are considered to be eusynanthropic and/or hemisynanthropic and have sanitary importance as they may cause myiasis and pseudomyiasis. The high number of females registered and the finding of immature stages indicated that flies can develop their complete life cycle on biosolid composting windrows. CONCLUSIONS: The characterization of flies obtained in this study may be useful for defining locations of urban or semi-urban composting facilities. It also highlights the importance of sanitary precautions at such plants.

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