The Role of Nutritional Principles in Biological Control

H. L. House

doi:10.4039/ent981121-11

The Role of Nutritional Principles in Biological Control

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent981121-11 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 98 (11) ◽

pp. 1121-1134 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

H. L. House

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Insect Nutrition ◽

Specific Chemical ◽

Chemical Substances

AbstractThe role that nutrition plays in biological control may be seen in natural environments; but to understand and to make use of this role the principles concerned must be understood essentially in terms of specific chemical substances. A number of principles of insect nutrition particularly relevant to biological control concern the food of the host, the host itself, and its parasitoid. These principles may be generalized into three laws and they are called here the rule of sameness, the principle of nutrient proportionality, and the principle of cooperating supplements. Each is discussed in connection with its application in the laboratory or in natural environments, and a few examples of work relating to each are given. Most examples quoted are from work at Belleville, Ontario, on the parasitoid Pseudosarcophaga affinis Auct. nec. Fallén.

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Successful Invasions and Failed Biocontrol: The Role of Antagonistic Species Interactions

BioScience ◽

10.1093/biosci/biz075 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (9) ◽

pp. 711-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ashley N Schulz ◽

Rima D Lucardi ◽

Travis D Marsico

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Species Interactions ◽

Classical Biological Control ◽

Enemy Release Hypothesis ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Enemy Release ◽

Nonnative Species ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Top Down

Abstract Understanding the successes and failures of nonnative species remains challenging. In recent decades, researchers have developed the enemy release hypothesis and other antagonist hypotheses, which posit that nonnative species either fail or succeed in a novel range because of the presence or absence of antagonists. The premise of classical biological control of invasive species is that top-down control works. We identify twelve existing hypotheses that address the roles that antagonists from many trophic levels play during plant and insect invasions in natural environments. We outline a unifying framework of antagonist hypotheses to simplify the relatedness among the hypotheses, incorporate the role of top-down and bottom-up influences on nonnative species, and encourage expansion of experimental assessments of antagonist hypotheses to include belowground and fourth trophic level antagonists. A mechanistic understanding of antagonists and their impacts on nonnative species is critical in a changing world.

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From environment to clinic: the role of pesticides in antimicrobial resistance

Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública ◽

10.26633/rpsp.2020.44 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Jeadran N Malagón-Rojas ◽

Eliana L Parra Barrera ◽

Luisa Lagos

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Current Crisis ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Chemical Substances ◽

Raising Awareness ◽

Clinical Environments

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogens has been associated mainly with excessive use of antibiotics. Most studies of resistance have focused on clinical pathogens; however, microorganisms are exposed to numerous anthropogenic substances. Few studies have sought to determine the effects of chemical substances on microorganisms. Exposure to these substances may contribute to increased rates of AMR. Understanding microorganism communities in natural environments and AMR mechanisms under the effects of anthropogenic substances, such as pesticides, is important to addressing the current crisis of antimicrobial resistance. This report draws attention to molecules, rather than antibiotics, that are commonly used in agrochemicals and may be involved in developing AMR in non-clinical environments, such as soil. This report examines pesticides as mediators for the appearance of AMR, and as a route for antibiotic resistance genes and antimicrobial resistant bacteria to the anthropic environment. Available evidence suggests that the natural environment may be a key dissemination route for antibiotic-resistant genes. Understanding the interrelationship of soil, water, and pesticides is fundamental to raising awareness of the need for environmental monitoring programs and overcoming the current crisis of AMR.

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Diversity of Soil Gamasine Mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Gamasina) in an Area of Natural Vegetation and Cultivated Areas of the Cerrado Biome in Northern Brazil

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d12090331 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 331

Author(s):

Emiliano Brandão de Azevedo ◽

Letícia Henrique Azevedo ◽

Grazielle Furtado Moreira ◽

Fábio Araújo dos Santos ◽

Marcos Alberto Francisco de Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Natural Vegetation ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Cerrado Biome ◽

Northern Brazil ◽

Abundance And Diversity ◽

Agricultural Areas

The Brazilian Cerrado biome has undergone major changes, with the incorporation of new areas for agricultural production. While this can certainly provide for the worldwide growing need for agricultural products, especially food, care should be taken to prevent possible environmental degradation. Worldwide, mites of the cohort Gamasina constitute the most abundant and diverse group of soil predatory mites, usually considered important in maintaining the ecological balance of natural environments. Little is known about the abundance and diversity of Gamasina in the Cerrado. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the abundance and diversity of Gamasina in soils of natural vegetation and of agroecosystems in Cerrado areas of the northern Brazilian state of Tocantins. This is considered the first step in the determination of possible role of the local predators as biological control agents, and their potential for practical use locally and elsewhere. Soil samples were taken monthly between July 2015 and June 2016. In total, 1373 Gamasina representing 45 species of 24 genera and 9 families were collected. The most abundant Gamasina belonged to Rhodacaridae in areas of the natural vegetation and to Ascidae in the agroecosystems. Abundance and diversity were much higher in the rainy than in the dry season. Rhodacarids and ascids have not been used commercially for pest control, but investigations conducted so far suggest their potential as biological control agents. The confirmation of this possibility and the development of techniques that would allow their maintenance in agricultural areas require subsequent research efforts.

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Biological Control and Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Commodities

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13020104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

Ferenc Peles ◽

Péter Sipos ◽

Szilvia Kovács ◽

Zoltán Győri ◽

István Pócsi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Competitive Exclusion ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Synthetic Chemicals ◽

Ruminal Degradation

Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced mostly by Aspergillus species. AF contamination entering the feed and food chain has been a crucial long-term issue for veterinarians, medicals, agroindustry experts, and researchers working in this field. Although different (physical, chemical, and biological) technologies have been developed, tested, and employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins, including AFs, universal methods are still not available to reduce AF levels in feed and food in the last decades. Possible biological control by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, their excretes, the role of the ruminal degradation, pre-harvest biocontrol by competitive exclusion or biofungicides, and post-harvest technologies and practices based on biological agents currently used to alleviate the toxic effects of AFs are collected in this review. Pre-harvest biocontrol technologies can give us the greatest opportunity to reduce AF production on the spot. Together with post-harvest applications of bacteria or fungal cultures, these technologies can help us strictly reduce AF contamination without synthetic chemicals.

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PREY PREFERENCES OF ADULT AND IMMATURE ZETZELLIA MALI EWING (ACARI: STIGMAEIDAE) AND TYPHLODROMUS CAUDIGLANS SCHUSTER (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent125967-5 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 125 (5) ◽

pp. 967-969 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

David R. Clements ◽

Rudolf Harmsen

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Potential Role ◽

Panonychus Ulmi ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Apple Orchards ◽

Effective Management ◽

Phytoseiid Mites ◽

Prey Preferences ◽

Eriophyid Mites

Effective management of the interactions within the mite community is critical to biological control of economically damaging phytophagous mites such as Panonychus ulmi Koch (Tetranychidae) (Clements and Harmsen 1990). Although much is known about the potential role of phytoseiid mites in controlling P. ulmi (Dover et al. 1979), mites from at least seven other families may be present in apple orchards (Thistlewood 1991). Stigmaeid mites are predators which may play a beneficial role in biological control in conjunction with phytoseiids (Clements and Harmsen 1992). Eriophyid mites are phytophagous but seldom cause economic damage, and may compete with tetranychids and provide alternative food for predators of tetranychids (Croft and Hoying 1977).

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