First North American Record of Bufolucilia silvarum (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Parasitizing Bufo terrestris americanus Holbrook

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sherman Bleakney
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Common Species ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Bufo Terrestris

In European countries parasitism of toads by flies of the genus Bufolucilia is of rather common occurence. Although the species silvarum is holarctic in distribution, Hall (1947) considers it “not a common species” in North America. At the time of his publication it had been reported from only one species of North American anuran, the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, when forty-eight parasitized frogs of this species were discovered near Franklin, California. Since then, reference to the species in the literature seems to be limited to reports of the adult flies (James, 1953; Schoof, et al., 1956; and Judd, 1956).

Coccomyces papillatus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Native North American ◽  
Pinus Wallichiana

Abstract A description is provided for Coccomyces papillatus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: The ecology of this fungus is completely unknown. SHERWOOD (1980) noted strong similarities with Coccomyces strobi (IMI Descriptions No. 1292), which is known to occur on brittle dead attached twigs of native North American five-needled pines in North America and some European countries to which they have been introduced. This habitat is often associated with endobionts involved in self-pruning ecosystems which later fruit on dead twigs, best exemplified by Colpoma quercinum on Quercus and C. crispum on Picea (IMI Descriptions Nos 942. 1333), and Therrya fuckelii and T. pini on Pinus (IMI Descriptions Nos 1297, 1298) and it is tempting to speculate that C. papillatus too will prove to occupy this sort of niche. HOSTS: Pinus wallichiana (twig). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Not known. Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions.

The demography of grandparenthood in 16 European countries and two North American countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 23-42
Author(s):  
Rachel Margolis ◽  
Bruno Arpino
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Young Children ◽  
North American ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Future

Intergenerational relationships between grandparents and grandchildren can offer tremendous benefits to family members of each generation. The demography of grandparenthood – the timing, length and population characteristics – shape the extent to which young children have grandparents available, how many grandparents are alive, and the duration of overlap with grandparents. In this chapter, we examine how the demography of grandparenthood varies across 16 countries in Europe and two countries in North America, and why it is changing. Next, we examine variation in two key determinants of intergenerational relationships – the labour force participation and health of grandparents. Last, we comment on some important changes in the demography of grandparenthood that may come in the future.

scholarly journals THE BIOLOGY OF THREE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MESOVELIA (HEMIPTERA-MESOVELIIDAE).,

1932 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence H. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Common Species ◽  
North American Species ◽  
The Other

The purpose of this paper is to present what is known at the present time concerning the life histories and habits of the Mesoveliidae, particularly those of three species of the genus Mesovelia Muls. found in North America. Studies on our most common species, Mesovelia mulsanti bisignata Uhler, were carried out in Michigan and Kansas, while biological notes on the other two species were taken in the region of Douglas Lake, Michigan, their only known habitat. Isolated rearings and life history studies of all three species were made at Lawrence, Kansas.

scholarly journals Strong Genetic Differentiation Between North American and European Populations of Phytophthora alni subsp. uniformis

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Aguayo ◽  
Gerard C. Adams ◽  
Fabien Halkett ◽  
Mursel Catal ◽  
Claude Husson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
North America ◽  
Mating System ◽  
North American ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
European Countries ◽  
North American Population ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Reproduction Mode ◽  
The North

Alder decline caused by Phytophthora alni has been one of the most important diseases of natural ecosystems in Europe during the last 20 years. The emergence of P. alni subsp. alni —the pathogen responsible for the epidemic—is linked to an interspecific hybridization event between two parental species: P. alni subsp. multiformis and P. alni subsp. uniformis. One of the parental species, P. alni subsp. uniformis, has been isolated in several European countries and, recently, in North America. The objective of this work was to assess the level of genetic diversity, the population genetic structure, and the putative reproduction mode and mating system of P. alni subsp. uniformis. Five new polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to contrast both geographical populations. The study comprised 71 isolates of P. alni subsp. uniformis collected from eight European countries and 10 locations in North America. Our results revealed strong differences between continental populations (Fst = 0.88; Rst = 0.74), with no evidence for gene flow. European isolates showed extremely low genetic diversity compared with the North American collection. Selfing appears to be the predominant mating system in both continental collections. The results suggest that the European P. alni subsp. uniformis population is most likely alien and derives from the introduction of a few individuals, whereas the North American population probably is an indigenous population.

scholarly journals LABORATORY TRANSMISSION OF JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS BY SEVEN SPECIES (THREE GENERA) OF NORTH AMERICAN MOSQUITOES

1946 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Reeves ◽  
W. McD. Hammon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Summary Table ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Culiseta Inornata

In the present studies ten common species of Western North American mosquitoes have been tested for their ability to act as vectors of Japanese B encephalitis virus (see summary Table XII). The strain of Japanese B encephalitis virus which was used was adapted to direct mouse brain passage, probably a disadvantage, but no freshly isolated strain was available. Of the ten species of mosquitoes tested, seven were demonstrated to be laboratory vectors. These seven species represent three genera (Culex, Aedes, and Culiseta). In previously reported work Japanese and Russians had only incriminated five species of two genera (Aedes and Culex) (1–3). Transmission was made to mice 21 times and to a chicken once. Two attempts to infect mosquitoes from an infected chicken were unsuccessfui, but no significance is attached to so few experiments. Repeated tests for virus in the eggs, or in imagines reared from eggs of infected female mosquitoes have been negative. In this we failed to confirm results claimed by Japanese investigators (5, 6). These data, in addition to the published accounts by Japanese and Russian workers of the natural epidemiology of this disease lead us to believe that this virus might well establish itself in North America, especially if introduced in those areas where our native encephalitides are now endemic. These studies also indicate that species of mosquitoes (Culex tarsalis, Culex pipiens, See PDF for Structure Aedes dorsalis, and Culiseta inornata) now known to be fully incriminated vectors of the Western equine or St. Louis encephalitis viruses can also serve as laboratory vectors of the Japanese B virus. Methods for the effective abatement of these species should be further developed and put into practice if future epidemics of encephalitis of the Western equine, St. Louis, or Japanese B types in Western North America are to be prevented or brought under control.

scholarly journals Discrepancies between current and ideal endovascular stroke treatment practice in Europe and North America: Results from UNMASK EVT, a multidisciplinary survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna M Ospel ◽  
Nima Kashani ◽  
Francis Turjman ◽  
Urs Fischer ◽  
Blaise Baxter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Endovascular Therapy ◽  
North American ◽  
Systems Of Care ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Acute Stroke Care ◽  
Stroke Treatment ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
American States

Background Since 2015, endovascular therapy has been established as a standard of care for acute stroke. This has caused major challenges regarding the organization of systems of care, which have to meet the increasing demand for thrombectomies. This study aims to evaluate how endovascular therapy decisions made by European and North American physicians under their current local resources differ from those made under assumed ideal conditions. Methods In an international, multidisciplinary survey, physicians involved in acute stroke care were asked to give their treatment decisions to 10 out of 22 randomly assigned stroke case-scenarios. Participants stated (a) their treatment approach under assumed ideal conditions (without any external limitations) and (b) the treatment they would pursue under their current local resources. Resources gaps (ideal minus current endovascular therapy rates) were calculated for different countries/states/provinces and correlated to economic and healthcare key metrics (gross domestic product-per-capita, public or private health insurance coverage, etc.). Results A total of 607 physicians, among them 218 from North America and 136 from 25 European countries, responded to the survey. Resources gaps in the majority of North American states/provinces and European countries were small (<5%). The highest gaps were observed among few European countries, namely Poland (30%) and the United Kingdom (33%). The magnitude of the resources gap did not correlate to national economic or healthcare metrics. Discussion and conclusion In the majority of North American states/provinces and European countries covered in this study, the discrepancy between endovascular therapy decisions under current local resources and assumed ideal conditions seems to be small, even in countries with a limited economic status and healthcare infrastructure.

Nucleotide polymorphisms in three genes support host and geographic speciation in tree pathogens belonging toGremmeniellaspp.

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1151-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dusabenyagasani ◽  
G Laflamme ◽  
R C Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
North American ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Group I ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Pinus Spp

We detected nucleotide polymorphisms within the genus Gremmeniella in DNA sequences of β-tubulin, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial small subunit rRNA (mtSSU rRNA) genes. A group-I intron was present in strains originating from fir (Abies spp.) in the mtSSU rRNA locus. This intron in the mtSSU rRNA locus of strains isolated from Abies sachalinensis (Fridr. Schmidt) M.T. Mast in Asia was also found in strains isolated from Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. in North America. Phylogenetic analyses yielded trees that grouped strains by host of origin with strong branch support. Asian strains of Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet var. abietina isolated from fir (A. sachalinensis) were more closely related to G. abietina var. balsamea from North America, which is found on spruce (Picea spp.) and balsam fir, and European and North American races of G. abietina var. abietina from pines (Pinus spp.) were distantly related. Likewise, North American isolates of Gremmeniella laricina (Ettinger) O. Petrini, L.E. Petrini, G. Laflamme, & G.B. Ouellette, a pathogen of larch, was more closely related to G. laricina from Europe than to G. abietina var. abietina from North America. These data suggest that host specialization might have been the leading evolutionary force shaping Gremmeniella spp., with geographic separation acting as a secondary factor.Key words: Gremmeniella, geographic separation, host specialization, mitochondrial rRNA, nuclear genes.

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