Resistance of Spring Wheats to the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus ductus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) II. Resistance to the Larva

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Holmes ◽  
L. K. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Stem Solidness

Wheats that are resistant to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., differ in degree of resistance and in certain environments lose all or part of their resistance. The survival and behaviour of the larvae in different locations in the stems of various spring wheats have been examined with the object of determining some of the factors involved in resistance and in the variability of resistance. In the previous paper in this series (Holmes and Peterson, 1961) it was shown that resistance to hatching of the egg of the sawfly depended on the stem solidness of its host.

SAWFLY RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: II. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WHEAT GROWN IN THE GREENHOUSE AND ON IRRIGATED LAND

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Variable Resistance ◽  
Lower Resistance ◽  
Stem Solidness ◽  
Golden Ball

The resistance of seven varieties of wheat to the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) was tested in the greenhouse and on irrigated plots. In five of the seven varieties tested, namely, Rescue, H46146, Golden Ball, Red Bobs and Thatcher, the percentage of infested stems that were cut by sawflies was significantly higher in plants grown in the greenhouse in either summer or winter than in plants grown under irrigation in the field. In the other two varieties, H4191 and Melanopus, results were similar but the differences were not significant. This lower resistance of plants grown in the greenhouse was associated with a decrease in the percentage of tunnelled stems in which the older larvae had died. In percentage of infested stems cut, no significant differences were found between the varieties grown in the outdoor soil bins and those on adjacent irrigated land. In other 2-year tests on irrigated land, the variable resistance of wheat was apparently associated with variations in percentage of tunnelled stems in which the older larvae had died. Although stem solidness is usually associated with resistance on dry land, it appears that this characteristic alone cannot be relied on as a measure of sawfly resistance in a given variety when grown in diverse environments.

Cytogenetics of Sawfly Resistance in Wheat

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 124-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby I. Larson ◽  
M. D. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Common Wheat ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Stem Solidness ◽  
Considerable Range

Solid-stemmed varieties of common wheat are more resistant than hollowstemmed varieties to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. If closely related lines of wheat with a considerable range of sawfly-resistance and stem solidness were available, entomologists could use them to analyse some of the mechanisms of resistance.

INHERITANCE OF SAWFLY REACTION AND STEM SOLIDNESS IN SPRING WHEAT CROSSES: SAWFLY REACTION

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Tilletia Caries ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Stem Solidness

Inheritance of reaction to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., was studied in populations of F3 and B2 lines from the cross Red Bobs × C.T. 715 (Triticum aestivum L.), and the respective backcrosses. The data supported the hypothesis that the varieties differed by three genes for sawfly reaction. A major influence was attributable to one gene. Its allele for susceptibility when homozygous was epistatic to the other two genes. Its allele for resistance was twice as effective as either of the other genes in conditioning resistance. The other two genes lacked dominance and were equal in their influence on sawfly reaction.Correlation coefficients showed that sawfly reaction was not associated with reaction to race T-2 of Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul., heading date, or awnedness. Sawfly susceptibility was weakly correlated with height.

Effect of Time of Seeding Apex Wheat on Infestation and Sex Ratio of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

1952 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Jacobson ◽  
C. W. Farstad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus

In 1945 a field experiment was designed at the Lethbridge laboratory to augment data on the effect of the time of seeding on infestation by the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. At that time one of the recommendations for the control of this insect was to delay seeding wheat until after May 15. The resulting crop escaped infestation because of the retarded plant during the period of the sawfly flight.

Survey of Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Infesting Wheat in Eastern Colorado

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren M Cockrell ◽  
Terri Randolph ◽  
Erika Peirce ◽  
Frank B Peairs
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Growing Region

Abstract From 2012 through 2020, a survey of wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, was conducted in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in Eastern Colorado. In 2013, results showed sawfly infestations concentrated in the northern part of the state with only a few highly infested sites, with 38 of the 94 sampled sites having any infestation (five of which had >50% infestation levels). By 2020 sawfly had been found in all eastern counties sampled, and 72 of the 106 sites sampled were found to contain sawfly (11 of which had >50% infestation levels). The spread of this pest across the Colorado wheat-growing region will have lasting economic effects. The information gathered from this and future surveys will inform wheat variety development and aid in management decisions made by growers across the state.

SAWFLY RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: III. CHANGES IN RESISTANCE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHEAT PLANT

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Golden Ball

Quantitative data obtained in field experiments showed that the resistance of wheat to attack by the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) depended on the stage of development of the plants at the time of oviposition. Wheat plants were usually most heavily infested for a part or all of the period from 1 week before shot blade to 1 week after the flowering stage. Rescue, H46146, H4191, Golden Ball, and Melanopus lost their resistance to the development of the eggs and first-instar larvae some time between shot blade and flowering. Thatcher and Red Bobs did not show this type of resistance. The mortality of the older larvae increased in plants infested toward maturity. The time at which this increase began depended on the variety involved and ranged from just before shot blade to just after flowering.

A COMPARISON OF INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF LARVAE OF CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT. AFTER INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FREEZING

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Salt
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
New Method ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Ice Crystal Size

Extracellular freezing of larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., was produced at −2.5 °C by a new method. Slow further cooling to −10, −15, or −20 °C added to extracellular ice with no intracellular freezing. Other larvae that were supercooled to and frozen at −10, −15, or −20 °C froze intracellularly. Comparisons of the effects of these two types of freezing were therefore possible at equivalent temperatures. Level of activity after freezing was used as the criterion of injury.Intracellular freezing was more injurious than extracellular freezing at −15 and −20 °C, but not at −10 °C. Injuries, as well as differences in injury due to type of freezing, decreased gradually to insignificance above −10 °C. Although larvae frozen extracellularly held an initial advantage over those frozen intracellularly, survivors of the latter group retained their vitality better, probably because they lost weight more slowly.Differences in injury and in activity level after freezing at −15 and −20 °C were insufficient to justify the use of freezing site (intracellular or extracellular) as a principal basis for explaining freezing injury. The same conclusion applies to ice crystal size and configuration, which differed vastly in the two types of freezing.These conclusions depend on whether freezing was actually intracellular or extracellular as represented. Strong evidence is presented that freezing was in fact as specified.

scholarly journals Copy number variation ofTdDofcontrols solid-stemmed architecture in wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (46) ◽  
pp. 28708-28718
Author(s):  
Kirby T. Nilsen ◽  
Sean Walkowiak ◽  
Daoquan Xiang ◽  
Peng Gao ◽  
Teagen D. Quilichini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number Variation ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Number Variation ◽  
Stem Solidness ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Chromosome 3B

Stem solidness is an important agronomic trait of durum (Triticum turgidumL. var.durum) and bread (Triticum aestivumL.) wheat that provides resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. This dominant trait is conferred by theSSt1locus on chromosome 3B. However, the molecular identity and mechanisms underpinning stem solidness have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that copy number variation ofTdDof, a gene encoding a putative DNA binding with one finger protein, controls the stem solidness trait in wheat. Using map-based cloning, we localizedTdDofto within a physical interval of 2.1 Mb inside theSSt1locus. Molecular analysis revealed that hollow-stemmed wheat cultivars such as Kronos carry a single copy ofTdDof, whereas solid-stemmed cultivars such as CDC Fortitude carry multiple identical copies of the gene. Deletion of allTdDofcopies from CDC Fortitude resulted in the loss of stem solidness, whereas the transgenic overexpression ofTdDofrestored stem solidness in theTdDofdeletion mutantpithless1and conferred stem solidness in Kronos. In solid-stemmed cultivars, increasedTdDofexpression was correlated with the down-regulation of genes whose orthologs have been implicated in programmed cell death (PCD) in other species. Anatomical and histochemical analyses revealed that hollow-stemmed lines had stronger PCD-associated signals in the pith cells compared to solid-stemmed lines, which suggests copy number-dependent expression ofTdDofcould be directly or indirectly involved in the negative regulation of PCD. These findings provide opportunities to manipulate stem development in wheat and other monocots for agricultural or industrial purposes.

Host plant interactions between wheat germplasm source and wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) I. Commercial cultivars

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Beres ◽  
H. A. Cárcamo ◽  
J. R. Byers ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
C. J. Pozniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Wheat Germplasm ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Solid Stem ◽  
The Impact

Beres, B. L., Cárcamo, H. A., Byers, J. R., Clarke, F. R., Pozniak, C. J., Basu, S. K. and DePauw, R. M. 2013. Host plant interactions between wheat germplasm source and wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) I. Commercial cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 607–617. The wheat stem sawfly (WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) is an economically destructive insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains. A significant resurgence of the insect pest in the southern prairies of Canada caused substantial economic losses from 1999 through 2007. Solid-stem cultivar selection is critical to the management of WSS but adoption of the use of these cultivars was low, which compounded losses at harvest. A study was conducted from 2001 to 2003 in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada (1) to establish the range of susceptibility of hollow- and solid-stem varieties representing the major spring wheat classes and (2) to determine the impact of host plant on WSS population dynamics. The solid-stem varieties were generally superior at reducing damage and fitness response of WSS. However, in addition to the durum cultivars AC Navigator and AC Avonlea, the variety McKenzie, which was considered hollow, provided improved efficacy over other hollow-stem cultivars. Our study suggests solid-stem cultivars are highly effective but prone to inconsistent performance and should therefore be integrated into a holistic strategy for WSS that includes agronomics and biocontrol. A companion paper will report on the response of cultivars with novel sources of germplasm.

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