A Contribution to the Knowledge of Flight Muscle Changes in the Scolytidae (Coleoptera)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Atkins ◽  
S. H. Farris
Keyword(s):  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Thoracic Muscles ◽  
Muscle Changes

The degeneration of indirect flight muscles in ant and termite queens following rhe loss of their wings has been known for some time (Janet, 1907; Feytaud, 1912). More recently the atrophy of the indirect fight muscles has been reported in flies (Mercier, 1920, 1924, 1928), probably in Dermaptera (Mercier and Poisson, 1923), in aquatic Hemiptera (Fernere, 1914; Poisson, 1924) and in various beetles (Jackson, 1933; Chapman, 1956, 1958; Reid, 1958). Ewer (1954) reported tlmt certain thoracic muscles in some Acritlidae also undergo degeneration in the adult stage.

scholarly journals Characterization of components of Z-bands in the fibrillar flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster.

1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 2157-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Saide ◽  
S Chin-Bow ◽  
J Hogan-Sheldon ◽  
L Busquets-Turner ◽  
J O Vigoreaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Immunogold Staining ◽  
Thick Filaments ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Flight Muscles

Twelve monoclonal antibodies have been raised against proteins in preparations of Z-disks isolated from Drosophila melanogaster flight muscle. The monoclonal antibodies that recognized Z-band components were identified by immunofluorescence microscopy of flight muscle myofibrils. These antibodies have identified three Z-disk antigens on immunoblots of myofibrillar proteins. Monoclonal antibodies alpha:1-4 recognize a 90-100-kD protein which we identify as alpha-actinin on the basis of cross-reactivity with antibodies raised against honeybee and vertebrate alpha-actinins. Monoclonal antibodies P:1-4 bind to the high molecular mass protein, projectin, a component of connecting filaments that link the ends of thick filaments to the Z-band in insect asynchronous flight muscles. The anti-projectin antibodies also stain synchronous muscle, but, surprisingly, the epitopes here are within the A-bands, not between the A- and Z-bands, as in flight muscle. Monoclonal antibodies Z(210):1-4 recognize a 210-kD protein that has not been previously shown to be a Z-band structural component. A fourth antigen, resolved as a doublet (approximately 400/600 kD) on immunoblots of Drosophila fibrillar proteins, is detected by a cross reacting antibody, Z(400):2, raised against a protein in isolated honeybee Z-disks. On Lowicryl sections of asynchronous flight muscle, indirect immunogold staining has localized alpha-actinin and the 210-kD protein throughout the matrix of the Z-band, projectin between the Z- and A-bands, and the 400/600-kD components at the I-band/Z-band junction. Drosophila alpha-actinin, projectin, and the 400/600-kD components share some antigenic determinants with corresponding honeybee proteins, but no honeybee protein interacts with any of the Z(210) antibodies.

scholarly journals The Hippo pathway controls myofibril assembly and muscle fiber growth by regulating sarcomeric gene expression

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aynur Kaya-Çopur ◽  
Fabio Marchiano ◽  
Marco Y Hein ◽  
Daniel Alpern ◽  
Julie Russeil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Hippo Pathway ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Fiber Growth ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Sarcomeric Gene ◽  
The Hippo Pathway

Skeletal muscles are composed of gigantic cells called muscle fibers, packed with force-producing myofibrils. During development the size of individual muscle fibers must dramatically enlarge to match with skeletal growth. How muscle growth is coordinated with growth of the contractile apparatus is not understood. Here, we use the large Drosophila flight muscles to mechanistically decipher how muscle fiber growth is controlled. We find that regulated activity of core members of the Hippo pathway is required to support flight muscle growth. Interestingly, we identify Dlg5 and Slmap as regulators of the STRIPAK phosphatase, which negatively regulates Hippo to enable post-mitotic muscle growth. Mechanistically, we show that the Hippo pathway controls timing and levels of sarcomeric gene expression during development and thus regulates the key components that physically mediate muscle growth. Since Dlg5, STRIPAK and the Hippo pathway are conserved a similar mechanism may contribute to muscle or cardiomyocyte growth in humans.

Flight muscle and flight activity of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Farhana Ferdousi ◽  
Shanjida Sultana ◽  
Tangin Akter ◽  
Pinakshi Roy ◽  
Shefali Begum
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bactrocera Cucurbitae ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Melon Fly ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
The Mean

The flight activity and flight muscle of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were observed. The Tethered technique was used to observe the flight activity in this study. The flight activity, and wing and flight muscles were compared between male and female melon flies. The results indicate that the female was relatively better and strong flier than the male. The mean duration of the flight activity of the females was 13.90 min/hour and of the males was 7.12 min./hour. The mean length, width, volume of wings of the males were 6.07 mm, 2.67 mm and 10.99 mm³, respectively. On the other hand, the mean length, width and volume of the wings of females were 7.07 mm, 2.87 mm and 15.60 mm³, respectively. In case of wing muscles, the mean volume of dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) in male and female was found 5.20 mm³ and 5.67 mm³, respectively. The mean length of flight wing muscle of male and female was 2.22 and 2.23 mm, respectively and the mean breadth of male and female was 1.65 and 1.77 mm, respectively. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 179-185, 2021 (July)

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae, we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism. Results Sitobion avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless morphs at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

scholarly journals Flying High—Muscle-Specific Underreplication in Drosophila

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Spencer Johnston ◽  
Mary E. Zapalac ◽  
Carl E. Hjelmen
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
S Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

Drosophila underreplicate the DNA of thoracic nuclei, stalling during S phase at a point that is proportional to the total genome size in each species. In polytene tissues, such as the Drosophila salivary glands, all of the nuclei initiate multiple rounds of DNA synthesis and underreplicate. Yet, only half of the nuclei isolated from the thorax stall; the other half do not initiate S phase. Our question was, why half? To address this question, we use flow cytometry to compare underreplication phenotypes between thoracic tissues. When individual thoracic tissues are dissected and the proportion of stalled DNA synthesis is scored in each tissue type, we find that underreplication occurs in the indirect flight muscle, with the majority of underreplicated nuclei in the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLM). Half of the DNA in the DLM nuclei stall at S phase between the unreplicated G0 and fully replicated G1. The dorsal ventral flight muscle provides the other source of underreplication, and yet, there, the replication stall point is earlier (less DNA replicated), and the endocycle is initiated. The differences in underreplication and ploidy in the indirect flight muscles provide a new tool to study heterochromatin, underreplication and endocycle control.

Ultrastructural localization of glycogen in the flight muscle of the blackfly, Simulium vittatum Zett.

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Liu ◽  
D. M. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abundant glycogen was observed in flight muscles of newly emerged autogenous Simulium vittatum females. Much of the particulate glycogen is tightly packed in the sarcoplasm, but some is located within the myofibrils. More is found in I bands than in H bands. No glycogen was found in the flight muscle of 4-day-old flies.

scholarly journals Metabolic ‘engines’ of flight drive genome size reduction in birds

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1779) ◽  
pp. 20132780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie A. Wright ◽  
T. Ryan Gregory ◽  
Christopher C. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Metabolic Intensity ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

The tendency for flying organisms to possess small genomes has been interpreted as evidence of natural selection acting on the physical size of the genome. Nonetheless, the flight–genome link and its mechanistic basis have yet to be well established by comparative studies within a volant clade. Is there a particular functional aspect of flight such as brisk metabolism, lift production or maneuverability that impinges on the physical genome? We measured genome sizes, wing dimensions and heart, flight muscle and body masses from a phylogenetically diverse set of bird species. In phylogenetically controlled analyses, we found that genome size was negatively correlated with relative flight muscle size and heart index (i.e. ratio of heart to body mass), but positively correlated with body mass and wing loading. The proportional masses of the flight muscles and heart were the most important parameters explaining variation in genome size in multivariate models. Hence, the metabolic intensity of powered flight appears to have driven genome size reduction in birds.

scholarly journals Comparative study of biology on ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) - flight ability, feeding habits and fecundity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonomi Shibuya
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Flight Ability ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Flight Muscles

We studied flight ability, feeding habits and fecundity in carabids. Based on these traits, we investigated characteristics of five species of Harpalus, Synuchus and Carabus as bioindicators of changing environments. Three species of Harpalus, H. griseus, H. eous and H. tridens, showed different degrees of flight ability. We examined the morphology and the length of hind wings, and also investigated by dissection the phenology of flight muscles. The ratio of hind wing to body length (HWBL) was 0.93 in H. tridens, 0.99 in H. eous and 1.02 in H. griseus. The aerial catches ratio to total catches (aerial / aerial+ pitfall traps) of H. tridens was lower (16%) than the other two (72, 76%), and the proportion of individuals with flight muscles of H. tridens (29%) was lower than the other two (71, 77%), indicating H. tridens has lowest flight ability. All three species exhibited flight muscle polymorphism. The hind wings of Synuchus cycloderus were mono-morphic macropterous with 0.75 (HWBL). However, no individuals were caught by aerial traps, and none possessed the flight muscles, indicating this species does not fly. The hind wings of Carabus procerulus were mono-morphic stick-shaped brachyptery without the flight muscle. Flight is important trait for food searching and dispersal. Gut dissection revealed that three Harpalus species depended mainly on seeds and partly on arthropods. The fact that animal fragments were found more frequently in the guts of H. tridens than the other two indicated a close relationship between flight ability and diet. Through gut dissection, we found S. cycloderus was a generalist predator. It preys not only on larvae but also adults of small arthropods including collembola. The food remains of guts of C. procerulus consisted of amorphous fluid, and cuticles were hardly detected. It suggested that the inside of prey was exclusively consumed by extra-oral digestion rather than chewing. Fecundity was assessed by gonad dissection through the number of ovarian eggs and their size. S. cycloderus had many eggs with small size, by contrast C. procerulus and three Harpalus species had few-large eggs. Many studies have shown that ground beetles responded differently to vegetation disturbances. We interpreted these results from their ecological traits. Our previous study of the vegetation disturbance effects on ground beetles demonstrated that C. procerulus declined in number was accompanied with decline in body size. Food shortage induced the reduction in both number and body size of C. procerulus. On the other hand, the number of S. cycloderus significantly increased. Although some of their prey were reduced, as generalist predators, they alternatively consumed other prey that has increased greatly in number. The trait of S. cycloderus with many eggs has also great potential for population explosion. The numbers of H. griseus and H. eous were not affected by the disturbance, while H. tridens decreased. Shortage of prey organisms caused negative effects on H. tridens compared to H. griseus and H. eous which depend more on seeds. We have been studying ground beetles in Japan, and already have some basic knowledge, such as hind wings, flight ability, feeding habits, reproductive phenology and seasonal activity for 78 key species. Ground beetles are excellent bioindicators. Our bottom up approach by the dissection of ground beetles collected periodically through the year would be essential when we have to face with extreme conditions, such as global warning.

scholarly journals Flight muscles degenerate by programmed cell death after migration in the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Feng ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Jinghui Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Flight Muscles

Abstract Objective Previous studies showed that flight muscles degenerate after migration in some aphid species; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains virtually unknown. In this study, using the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae , we aim to investigate aphid flight muscle degeneration and the underlying molecular mechanism.Results S. avenae started to differentiate winged or wingless lines at the second instar, the winged aphids were fully determined at the third instar, and their wings were fully developed at the fourth instar. After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Then, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes before and after tethered flights using differential-display reverse transcription-PCR. One of the differentially expressed genes, ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a, was confirmed using qPCR. Ubiquitin-ribosomal S27a is drastically up regulated following the aphids’ migration and before the flight muscle degeneration. Our data suggested that aphid flight muscles degenerate after migration. During flight muscle degeneration, endogenous proteins may be degraded to reallocate energy for reproduction.

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