Sitophilus sasakii (Tak.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canada: Anatomy and Mycetomal Symbiotes as Valid Taxonomic Characters

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1196-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Musgrave ◽  
R. Homan
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Rice Weevil ◽  
Small Species ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Shape And Size ◽  
Ecological Differences

Large and small strains of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryza (L.) (Calandra oryzae (L.) of authors following European usage) have been reported from several localities (Birch, 1944 in Australia; Kiritani, 1956 in Japan; Kono, 1955 in Nepal; Richards 1944 in Britain; and Utida, 1958, in Canada, Japan and U.S.A.). Birch and Richards both seem to have considered it probable that the two strains were separate species: but they did not make the separation. Floyd and Newsom (1960), after careful work on both strains found in the U.S. and reared in the laboratory on a variety of materials, decided that the small strain could be validly made a separate species, thus agreeing with Takahashi who, according to Floyd and Newsom (1960), had elevated this strain to species rank as Calandra sasakii. In conformity with modern North American usage Floyd and Newsom refer to this small species as Sitophilus sasakii (Tak.). In addition to differences in size, they found differences in the male and female genitalia, interstrain sterility and various ecological differences. There were also differences in pronotal markings as had been, according to Kono (1953), noted by Takahashi (1928). Kono states “…the adult of the large strain has pits dotted densely on the central part of the pronotum, the small strain does not, and, furthermore the shape and size of the pits differ distinctly”.

Description of Ruehmaphelenchus digitulus sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from Taiwan

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Gu ◽  
Jiangling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Rflp Pattern ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Tail ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Shape And Size

Ruehmaphelenchus digitulus sp. n., isolated from coniferous packaging wood from Taiwan, is described and figured. The new species is characterised by a relatively stout body with a = 28.0 (23.7-31.3) and 27.0 (22.9-32.7) for male and female, respectively, three lines in the lateral field, spicules relatively small (chord = 17.0-19.2 μm; arc = 13.8-16.6 μm) with weakly developed condylus and rostrum, bursa absent, vulva positioned at ca 80% of body length, vulva flap absent, vulval lips slightly protruding, post-uterine branch extending slightly over half of vulva to anus distance, and tail conoid, ca 2-3 anal body diam. long, with terminal process 7-10 μm long. The new species is the fourth known for the genus. It can be distinguished from R. martinii, R. asiaticus and R. thailandae mainly by the different shape and size of the spicules and the different shape and length of the female tail terminus. The separate species status is also supported by ITS-RFLP pattern and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial SSU ITS1/2 and partial LSU sequences.

The Oviposition and Duration of Life of a small Strain of the Rice Weevil, Calandra oryzae (L.), in Sierra Leone

1960 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Prevett
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Rice Weevil ◽  
Milled Rice ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Normal Laboratory

A study has been made of the rate of oviposition, on parboiled milled rice, of the small strain of the rice weevil, Calandra oryzae (L.), under normal laboratory conditions of temperature and relative humidity (means 27°C., 80% R.H.) in Sierra Leone, and of the utilisation of grains for oviposition.On the average, a female laid 68 eggs in all, over an oviposition period of 71 days, the peak of egg-laying being reached during the third week. Only 13 per cent, of grains were utilised. Differences between the results obtained and those recorded by previous workers are discussed.The mean length of life of male and female weevils was found to be 113 and 97 days, respectively.

Oviposition Behaviour in the Two Strains of the Rice Weevil, Calandra Oryzae Linn. (Coleopt., Curculionidae)

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-297
Author(s):  
F. SEGROVE
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Oviposition Behaviour ◽  
Rice Weevil ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
High Initial Rate ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Better Than

The oviposition behaviour of the large strain of Calandra oryzae has been investigated at 20 and 25°C. and under moisture conditions equivalent to 50 and 70% R.H. The small strain of the weevil has been investigated at 25°C. and 70% R.H. At either temperature the lower humidity shortens the life of the insect and depresses the rate of oviposition so that fecundity is of a low order. Changes of temperature with a fixed humidity alter the rate of oviposition but have little effect on the total egg production. Under all conditions the pattern of oviposition remains the same, the oviposition rate rising to a peak in the earlier weeks of maturity and subsequently declining. Increasing the amount of grain leads to increasing egg production. It is unlikely that conditions for maximum fecundity were realised in the experiments. Isolating females in the early weeks of maturity leads to a high initial rate of oviposition, followed by a more rapid decline and little overall increase in fecundity. At 25°C. and 70% R.H. the fecundity of the large strain is of the order of 50% higher than that of the small strain. The distribution of eggs between grains differs in the two strains, the small strain distributing its eggs better than random, the large strain tending to overcrowd its eggs. The evidence suggests that this is due to the larger weevils' greater preference for large grains. By correlating the results with those from other sources it is nevertheless concluded that both strains tend to avoid laying in grains already containing life. The importance of this factor in oviposition behaviour is discussed.

The Further Exploration of Applying Small-Strain and Large-Strain Formulations to SMA

2012 ◽  
Vol 529 ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Jie Yao ◽  
Yong Hong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Uniaxial Tension ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Proportional Loading ◽  
The Difference

Recently, our research team has been considering to applying shape memory alloys (SMA) constitutive model to analyze the large and small deformation about the SMA materials because of the thermo-dynamics and phase transformation driving force. Accordingly, our team use simulations method to illustrate the characteristics of the model in large strain deformation and small strain deformation when different loading, uniaxial tension, and shear conditions involve in the situations. Furthermore, the simulation result unveils that the difference is nuance concerning the two method based on the uniaxial tension case, while the large deformation and the small deformation results have huge difference based on shear deformation case. This research gives the way to the further research about the constitutive model of SMA, especially in the multitiaxial non-proportional loading aspects.

A Zebrafish Embryo Behaves both as a “Cortical Shell – Liquid Core” Structure and a Homogeneous Solid when Experiencing Mechanical Forces

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1841-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
Ken Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Liquid Core ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Core Structure ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Cortical Shell ◽  
A Cell

AbstractMechanical properties are vital for living cells, and various models have been developed to study the mechanical behavior of cells. However, there is debate regarding whether a cell behaves more similarly to a “cortical shell – liquid core” structure (membrane-like) or a homogeneous solid (cytoskeleton-like) when experiencing stress by mechanical forces. Unlike most experimental methods, which concern the small-strain deformation of a cell, we focused on the mechanical behavior of a cell undergoing small to large strain by conducting microinjection experiments on zebrafish embryo cells. The power law with order of 1.5 between the injection force and the injection distance indicates that the cell behaves as a homogenous solid at small-strain deformation. The linear relation between the rupture force and the microinjector radius suggests that the embryo behaves as membrane-like when subjected to large-strain deformation. We also discuss the possible reasons causing the debate by analyzing the mechanical properties of F-actin filaments.

scholarly journals Tilt and strain change during the explosion at Minami-dake, Sakurajima, on November 13, 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Hotta ◽  
Masato Iguchi
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
The North ◽  
Strombolian Eruption ◽  
Strain Change ◽  
Tilt Change

Abstract We herein propose an alternative model for deformation caused by an eruption at Sakurajima, which have been previously interpreted as being due to a Mogi-type spherical point source beneath Minami-dake. On November 13, 2017, a large explosion with a plume height of 4,200 m occurred at Minami-dake. During the three minutes following the onset of the explosion (November 13, 2017, 22:07–22:10 (Japan standard time (UTC+9); the same hereinafter), phase 1, a large strain change was detected at the Arimura observation tunnel (AVOT) located approximately 2.1 km southeast from the Minami-dake crater. After the peak of the explosion (November 13, 2017, 22:10–24:00), phase 2, a large deflation was detected at every monitoring station due to the continuous Strombolian eruption. Subsidence toward Minami-dake was detected at five out of six stations whereas subsidence toward the north of Sakurajima was detected at the newly installed Komen observation tunnel (KMT), located approximately 4.0 km northeast from the Minami-dake crater. The large strain change at AVOT as well as small tilt changes of all stations and small strain changes at HVOT and KMT during phase 1 can be explained by a very shallow deflation source beneath Minami-dake at 0.1 km below sea level (bsl). For phase 2, a deeper deflation source beneath Minami-dake at a depth of 3.3 km bsl was found in addition to the shallow source beneath Minami-dake which turned inflation after the deflation obtained during phase 1. However, this model cannot explain the tilt change of KMT. Adding a spherical deflation source beneath Kita-dake at a depth of 3.2 km bsl can explain the tilt and strain change at KMT and the other stations. The Kita-dake source was also found in a previous study of long-term ground deformation. Not only the deeper Minami-dake source MD but also the Kita-dake source deflated due to the Minami-dake explosion.

scholarly journals Elastic Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomers in a Heterogeneous Uniaxial Magnetic Field

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehito Kikuchi ◽  
Yusuke Kobayashi ◽  
Mika Kawai ◽  
Tetsu Mitsumata
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Uniform Magnetic Field ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Magnetorheological Elastomers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Strain Model

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are stimulus-responsive soft materials that consist of polymeric matrices and magnetic particles. In this study, large-strain response of MREs with 5 vol % of carbonyl iron (CI) particles is experimentally characterized for two different conditions: (1) shear deformation in a uniform magnetic field; and (2), compression in a heterogeneous uniaxial magnetic field. For condition (1), dynamic viscoelastic measurements were performed using a rheometer with a rotor disc and an electric magnet that generated a uniform magnetic field on disc-like material samples. For condition (2), on the other hand, three permanent magnets with different surface flux densities were used to generate a heterogeneous uniaxial magnetic field under cylindrical material samples. The experimental results were mathematically modeled, and the relationship between them was investigated. We also used finite-element method (FEM) software to estimate the uniaxial distributions of the magnetic field in the analyzed MREs for condition (2), and developed mathematical models to describe these phenomena. By using these practicable techniques, we established a simple macroscale model of the elastic properties of MREs under simple compression. We estimated the elastic properties of MREs in the small-strain regime (neo–Hookean model) and in the large-strain regime (Mooney–Rivlin model). The small-strain model explains the experimental results for strains under 5%. On the other hand, the large-strain model explains the experimental results for strains above 10%.

Investigation of Small- to Large-Strain Moduli Correlations of Rockfill Materials – Application to Romaine-2 Dam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Lashin ◽  
Michael Ghali ◽  
Marc Smith ◽  
Daniel Verret ◽  
Mourad Karray
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Deformation Behaviour ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Hyperbolic Model ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Initial Modulus ◽  
Rockfill Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Establishment of a relationship between the shear wave velocity (Vs) and other geotechnical parameters of rockfill soils at large strains (oedometer modulus, Moedo, tangent modulus, Et) is considered a significant step towards more precise modelling of earth-structure deformation behaviour. In this study, four samples of different gradations, reconstituted from the rockfill materials used in the construction of the Romaine-2 dam, were experimented to correlate the small strain to large strain moduli. Development of Moedo and Vs with consolidation was measured in the laboratory using the piezoelectric ring-actuator technique (P-RAT) incorporated in a large oedometer. Therefore, a correlation between Moedo and small strain shear modulus Go was proposed. Moreover, numerical simulations were performed based on the Duncan-Chang hyperbolic model to correlate the Vs to Duncan-Chang initial modulus(Ei). Based on the experimental and numerical data, a relation between Ei and Vs of the tested rockfill has been established. Verification studies were also carried out on in-situ measurements during Romaine-2 dam construction, proofing the ability of the proposed relationships to predict Ei related to the minor principal stress (σ3) from in-situ Vs measurement. The proposed correlations could help the geotechnical designers to estimate accurately the deformation of rockfill materials from in-situ Vs measurement.

Dichoropetalum viarium (Apiaceae), a new species from Lorestan Province, Western Iran

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 525 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
DMITRY LYSKOV ◽  
SHAHIN ZARRE ◽  
TAHIR SAMIGULLIN ◽  
EUGENE KLJUYKOV
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Stem Shape ◽  
Shape And Size

A new species, Dichoropetalum viarium (Apiaceae), is described from the Lorestan Province, Western Iran. The new species differs from D. paucijugum, D. aromaticum, and D. chryseum in the height, shape, diameter, and branching of the stem, shape of the terminal leaf lobes, shape of the bracteoles, shape and size of the mericarps, and shape of the stylopodium. In addition, D. viarium is recognized as a separate species by molecular analysis of nrITS.

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