Flight Responses to Various Sounds by Adult Males of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geo. Wishart ◽  
D. F. Riordan
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Loud Speaker ◽  
Lower Limits

Many authors observed that mosquitoes respond to a large variety of artificial sounds (for references see Roth. 1948). Efforts to attract males of Aedes aegypti (L.) by play-back recoridings of the flight sound of the female have met with moderate success (Kahn et al., 1945; Offenhauser and Kahn, 1949; Kahn and Offenhauser, 1949). Roth (1948) demonstrated that males of A. aegypti approached the sounds of tuninh forks and sine sounds from a speaker. He also determined the upper and lower limits of frequencies that stimulated males, but in these experiments he did not use attraction to the source of the sound as the criterion of response, but the “seizing and clasping”reaction. He exposed the maIe mosquitoes in cages, three inches by three inches by one inch, placed against a box that housed a loud speaker. Under these conditions the mosquitoes had little opportunity to fly to orient themselves toward the sound source. Moreover the sound used was of such intensity (108 db at 2½ inches) that the whole cage vibrated, so that at least part of the response was undoubtedly caused by vibration of the substratum on which the mosquitoes rested. Sounds of such intensity do not normally occur in the natural environment of the mosquito. Moreover, the “seizing and clasping” response does not occur until the male approaches the female in response to sound or other stimulus. If the place of sound in the attraction of thc males is to be studied, the primary response, that of approach, should be the criterion and the amount of sound used should bear a reasonable relation to that occurring in nature.

scholarly journals Multispecies Transcriptomics Data Set of Brugia malayi, Its Wolbachia Endosymbiont wBm, and Aedes aegypti across the B. malayi Life Cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Chung ◽  
Laura Teigen ◽  
Silvia Libro ◽  
Robin E. Bromley ◽  
Nikhil Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Brugia Malayi ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transcriptomics Data ◽  
Wolbachia Endosymbiont ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Stage 1

Here, we present a comprehensive transcriptomics data set of Brugia malayi, its Wolbachia endosymbiont wBm, and its vector host. This study samples from 16 stages across the entire B. malayi life cycle, including stage 1 through 4 larvae, adult males and females, embryos, immature microfilariae, and mature microfilariae.

scholarly journals A mutant variant of Nix gene on γ-irradiated Aedes aegypti as a male-determination factor

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENI ERNAWAN ◽  
HARRY NUGROHO EKO SURNIYANTORO ◽  
IRAWAN SUGORO ◽  
USMAN SUMO FRIEND TAMBUNAN
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Point Mutation ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Method ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Mutant Variant ◽  
Reverse Strand

Abstract. Ernawan B, Surniyantoro HNE, Sugoro I, Tambunan USF. 2019. A mutant variant of Nix gene on γ-irradiated Aedes aegypti as a male-determination factor. Biodiversitas 20: 893-899. This study was aimed to examine the effect of γ-irradiation on the Nix gene sequence as a male-determination factor on Ae. aegypti. The novelty of the present study is the investigation on the gene mutation level of the deoxyribonucleic acid as an impact of ionizing radiation exposure. Males Ae. aegypti at the pupal stage were sterilized by applying 70 Gy γ-rays in varies dose-rates, i.e., 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 Gy/h utilizing panoramic irradiator and males group without γ-irradiation as controls. Adult males that emerged from the pupal stage were assessed for the Nix gene sequence using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction method and were sequenced using Clustal Omega and Bioedit software, respectively. The results indicated that mutation occurred in Nix gene sequences were categorized as a point mutation. The change of Nix gene sequences was occurred between the nitrogenous base of guanine to adenine (G>A), thymine to adenine (T>A) and cytosine to adenine (C>A) in certain sequence numbers. There were six and nineteen on the forward-strand and reverse-strand of the Nix gene, respectively, due to γ-irradiation treatment. We conclude that γ-irradiation exposure causes point mutation on the Nix gene of males Ae. aegypti.

Orientation of the Males of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) to Sound

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wishart ◽  
G. R. van Sickle ◽  
D. F. Riordan
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Small Distance ◽  
Anopheles Subpictus ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Mosquitoes ◽  
Electrophysiological Methods ◽  
Phase Differences

Many authors noted the attraction of the males of several species of mosquitoes to sound (references summarized by Roth, 1948). The frequencies of sound to which the males respond were investigated by Roth (1948) and the frequencies and intensities by Wishart and Riordan (1959). Tischner (1953) applied electrophysiological methods to the reception of sound in the male of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and advanced a theory to explain the ability of the male of this species to orient itself toward the sound source. In his theory he dismissed the use of phase differences between the two receptors because of the relatively small distance between the two antennae and concluded that each is capable of functioning alone by detecting the relationship bemeen the fundamental and the second harmonic in the microplionics produced by the Johnston's organ. He did not demonstrate this by behaviour experiments nor, do we believe, did he produce sufficient electrophysiological evidence. The present paper is a further examination of this subject in the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), in an attempt to reconcile the data from electrophysiological experiments with those of behaviour in an explanation of the orientation of male mosquitoes towards sound.

scholarly journals Bisonic Mechanical Wing Songs and Complex Kinematics in Aerial Displays of the Subtropical Doradito (Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1173-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio A Jordan ◽  
Juan I Areta
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Video And Audio ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Synopsis Loud mechanical sounds with a communication role are called sonations. Male Subtropical Doraditos (Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis) exhibit five conspicuously modified primaries suspected of sonating. Here we (1) describe feather modifications, (2) describe three different territorial/aggressive contexts for these sounds: one-perch aerial displays (1PADs), two-PADs, and Chukrut pursuits, (3) investigate the kinematics of the most common display (1PADs) and the physical mechanisms of sonation using synchronized high-speed video and audio, and (4) assess the roles of modified wing feathers in all contexts by experimental manipulation in four individuals. Primaries p3–p7 were modified in adult males but not in females: p3 was pointed with a reduced distal third to the outer vane; p4 and p5 were slim and falciform with pointed tips curved outwards; p6 was broad, massive, and subtly S-shaped, with a spatulate tip; and p7 was large with the distal third of the outer vane abruptly reduced, and the inner vane with a shallow concave sub-apical emargination. One-PADs consisted of perched short nasal introductory syllables accelerating until the bird performed a super-rapid circular flight of ∽15 cm in diameter from and to the same branch, during which two syringeal syllables and three mechanical syllables were given (chik… chik…. chik-chik frrrottt). The syllables were produced during rapid downstrokes by fluttering feathers and were bisonic, being conformed by two simultaneous main tonal, flat, narrow band sounds: a low-pitched note (f0 ∽1 kHz) and a high-pitched note (f0 ∽3.7 kHz). Primary p7 is the necessary and sufficient sound source of the low-pitched note (removal of p7 caused the sound to disappear) and p3 is the sound source of the high-pitched note, being necessary but perhaps not sufficient (removal of p3 caused the sound to disappear); the other modified feathers seem involved in different roles related to either producing the sonation (p4 and p5 interacting with p3) or allowing it (p6 raising dorsally letting p7 flutter freely; removal of p6 did not affect sound production). The specialized shape of p6 might be compromised to allow sonation of p7 without losing flight functionality. Sonations in Subtropical Doraditos occupy the position of the vocal flourish in the songs of other Pseudocolopteryx suggesting the evolutionary replacement of vocal by mechanical sounds. We propose that wing songs in flying birds may be constrained to occur in temporally broken patterns due to intrinsic features of flapped flight and structurally constrained by the demands of creating an airfoil.

scholarly journals A functional requirement for sex-determination M/m locus region lncRNA genes in Aedes aegypti female larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshava Mysore ◽  
Limb K. Hapairai ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Joseph B. Roethele ◽  
Longhua Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna ◽  
Male Mosquitoes

AbstractAlthough many putative long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes have been identified in insect genomes, few of these genes have been functionally validated. A screen for female-specific larvicides that facilitate Aedes aegypti male sex separation uncovered multiple interfering RNAs with target sites in lncRNA genes located in the M/m locus region, including loci within or tightly linked to the sex determination locus. Larval consumption of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) strain engineered to express interfering RNA corresponding to lncRNA transcripts resulted in significant female death, yet had no impact on male survival or fitness. Incorporation of the yeast larvicides into mass culturing protocols facilitated scaled production and separation of fit adult males, indicating that yeast larvicides could benefit mosquito population control strategies that rely on mass releases of male mosquitoes. These studies functionally verified a female-specific developmental requirement for M/m locus region lncRNA genes, suggesting that sexually antagonistic lncRNA genes found within this highly repetitive pericentromeric DNA sequence may be contributing to the evolution of A. aegypti sex chromosomes.

scholarly journals Mark-release-recapture of male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): use of rhodamine B to estimate movement, mating and population parameters in preparation for an incompatible male program

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan J. Trewin ◽  
Daniel Pagendam ◽  
Brian J. Johnson ◽  
Chris Paton ◽  
Nigel Snoad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sterile Male ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Mark Release Recapture

AbstractRapid advances in biological and digital technologies are revolutionizing the population control of invasive disease vectors such as Aedes aegypti. Methods such as the sterile and incompatible insect techniques (SIT/IIT) rely on modified males to seek out and successfully mate with females, and in doing so outcompete the wild male population for mates. Currently, these interventions infer the success of mating interactions between male and female insects through area-wide population surveillance and observations of mating competitiveness are rare. Furthermore, little is known about male Ae. aegypti behaviours and biology in field settings. In preparation for a large, community scale IIT program, we undertook a series of mark-release-recapture experiments using rhodamine B to mark male Ae. aegypti sperm and measure mating interactions with females. We also developed the Spatial and Temporally Evolving Isotropic Kernel (STEIK) framework to assist researchers to estimate the movement of individuals through space and time. Results showed that ~40% of daily females captured were unmated, suggesting interventions will need to release males regularly to be effective at suppressing Ae. aegypti populations. Males moved rapidly through the landscape, particularly when released during the night. Although males moved further than what is typically observed in females of the species, survival was considerably lower. These unique insights will lead to a greater understanding of mating interactions in wild insect populations and lay the foundation for robust suppression strategies in the future.Author SummaryModern scientific techniques for controlling populations of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, utilize the mating biology of adult male mosquitoes to achieve suppression through a sterilization process. As the study of Ae. aegypti control has typically focused on adult female mosquitoes, knowledge on male movement, survival and mating interactions in the field is lacking. Here we undertook several mark-release-recapture experiments on adult male Ae. aegypti in Innisfail, Australia, and measured important biological parameters. For the first time in large field experiments, we employed rhodamine B as a marker that when fed to adult males, identified both marked males and the wild females they mated with. We observed males moving further through the landscape, but surviving for a shorter period, than previous measurements undertaken on females in a field setting. A high proportion (~40%) of unmated females suggests individuals are constantly available for mating. As such, sterile male strategies may need to release at regular intervals to achieve effective population suppression. The unique insights provided by this study will assist in designing future sterile male field interventions.

Reproduction of the Spinifex Hopping Mouse (Notomys-Alexis) in the Natural-Environment

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
WG Breed
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sexually Mature

Seven field trips to Curtin Springs Station, in the south of the Northern Territory (two in July and five in December-January), were carried out between July 1984 and January 1991 to investigate the reproductive activity of spinifex hopping mice in the natural environment. Gonadal activity was determined from most samples of animals collected. Pregnant animals were present on only one occasion (December 1988-January 1989), but two females collected in December 1985 had corpora lutea in their ovaries. Most adult males were, by contrast, sexually mature, as indicated by germ-cell associations in the seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa in the excurrent ducts, and secretion in the lumina of the ventral prostates and seminal vesicles. Nevertheless, the testes were invariably very small, 2-4 germ-cell associations were sometimes present in tubule cross-sections, epididymal spermatozoa were highly pleiomorphic and seminal vesicles minute. Such morphological traits are thus invariable features of the reproductive biology of males of this species.

Random isn't real: How the patchy distribution of ecological rewards may generate “incentive hope”

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Symes ◽  
Thalia Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

AbstractAnselme & Güntürkün generate exciting new insights by integrating two disparate fields to explain why uncertain rewards produce strong motivational effects. Their conclusions are developed in a framework that assumes a random distribution of resources, uncommon in the natural environment. We argue that, by considering a realistically clumped spatiotemporal distribution of resources, their conclusions will be stronger and more complete.

Extreme self-sacrifice beyond fusion: Moral expansiveness and the special case of allyship

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Crimston ◽  
Matthew J. Hornsey
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Biological Markers ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Special Case

AbstractAs a general theory of extreme self-sacrifice, Whitehouse's article misses one relevant dimension: people's willingness to fight and die in support of entities not bound by biological markers or ancestral kinship (allyship). We discuss research on moral expansiveness, which highlights individuals’ capacity to self-sacrifice for targets that lie outside traditional in-group markers, including racial out-groups, animals, and the natural environment.

Characterization of Tamm-Horsfall Urinary Glycoprotein

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 420-421
Author(s):  
John P. Robinson ◽  
J. David Puett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm ◽  
Urinary Glycoprotein

Much work has been reported on the chemical, physical and morphological properties of urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THG). Although it was once reported that cystic fibrotic (CF) individuals had a defective THG, more recent data indicate that THG and CF-THG are similar if not identical.No studies on the conformational aspects have been reported on this glycoprotein using circular dichroism (CD). We examined the secondary structure of THG and derivatives under various conditions and have correlated these results with quaternary structure using electron microscopy.THG was prepared from normal adult males and CF-THG from a 16-year old CF female by the method of Tamm and Horsfall. CF female by the method of Tamm and Horsfall.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document