Dispersal of the Pine Needle Scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), (Diaspididae: Homoptera)

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 685-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Host Tree ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Effective Spread

The dispersal of the pine needle scale has long been a problem to entomologists. Although its transfer on nursery stock has been accepted as a means of dispersal, the method of its spread from tree to tree in a localized area has not been investigated previously. There are two stages in its development when it is able to move about by its own volition: the crawler or first instar nymphs wander for short distances on the twigs of the host tree and the adult males move about freely. Effective spread of this scale occurs only in the crawler stage. Phoresy is unlikely because nymphs have extreme difficulty in crossing small gaps such as would be encountered in transferring from a needle to an insect or bird and parent scales do not secrete substances attractive to carriers as described by Mahdihassan (1933) for some lac-insects. Because of the limited motility of the first instar nymphs, dissemination by wind required investigation.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF BEAN FLOWER THRIPS, Megalurothrips usitatus (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) REARED ON MUNG BEAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Sabera Yasmin ◽  
Mohammed Ali ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Mst. Salma Akter ◽  
Md. Abdul Latif
Keyword(s):  
Mung Bean ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
First Instar

The bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus is a major pest of mung bean that causes flower dropping and significant yield loss of the crop. M. usitatus demonstrated to have variable lifespan when reared on different leguminous hosts but on mung bean, an important pulse crop in Bangladesh, is unknown. The experiment was conducted to determine the biological attributes of M. usitatus on mung bean in a climate control chamber at 26 ± 1°C, 75 ± 3% RH, and 16:8 hours L:D in the laboratory. The results revealed that the incubation period, first instar larva, second instar larva, prepupa, and pupal period of M. usitatus were 3.13 ± 0.06, 1.48 ± 0.05, 2.30 ± 0.08, 1.30 ± 0.07, and 2.26 ± 0.13 days, respectively. The combined developmental period from egg to adult was 10.54 ± 0.15 (mean ± SE) days. The larvae of M. usitatus were similar in appearance to the adults, but they lacked wings and were smaller and different in color. The first instar was pale yellow, while the second instar was darker and larger, ranging from deep yellow to orange-red. The wing pads of the prepupae were shorter than that of the pupae. The antennae of the prepupa were straight, but they were bent in the pupa. In the case of pre-adult mortality of M. usitatus, the mortality of the first instar larva was 14.41%, second instar larva 22.77%, prepupa 14.10%, and pupa 65.67%. The pre-adult mortality was 80.51% overall. Adult males had lower longevity (6.42 ± 0.44 days) than females (12.07± 1.56 days). The developmental period of M. usitatus on mung bean indicated the suitability of the leguminous crop as a potential host, as well as the need for information on the pest’s various growth stages in order to design effective management strategies.

scholarly journals Ceratothripoides claratris, a New Vector of a Capsicum chlorosis virus Isolate Infecting Tomato in Thailand

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. S. D. Premachandra ◽  
C. Borgemeister ◽  
E. Maiss ◽  
D. Knierim ◽  
H.-M. Poehling
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Capsicum Chlorosis Virus

Ceratothripoides claratris, the predominant thrips species on tomato in Thailand, was tested for vector competence and efficiency to transmit Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) (isolate AIT) to tomato. The efficiency of adult-stage transmission was influenced by the larval stage at which virus was acquired. Adult C. claratris showed 69% transmission efficiency after acquiring the virus as freshly emerged (<1 h) first-instar larvae. However, when just molted (<1 h) second-instar larvae acquired the virus, the percentage of adult transmitters significantly decreased (48%). Transmission efficiency of up to 47% was detected with second-instar larvae of C. claratris which had acquired the virus as freshly emerged first-instar larvae. Transmission efficiency did not significantly differ between adult males and females, irrespective of the larval stage at which the virus was acquired. Highest transmission efficiency for CaCV was recorded in adult C. claratris derived from second-instar larvae collected from infected tomato plants in a greenhouse. Lowest transmission efficiency was observed in adults directly collected from infected tomato plants in the greenhouse. The spread of CaCV on tomato plants in greenhouses showed a close association with thrips infestations.

scholarly journals Developmental- and tissue-specific changes of ubiquitin forms in Drosophila melanogaster.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágota Nagy ◽  
Levente Kovács ◽  
Zoltán Lipinszki ◽  
Margit Pál ◽  
Péter Deák
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Equilibrium Dynamics ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Covalently Linked ◽  
Free Ubiquitin ◽  
Immunoblotting Technique

In most Eukaryotes, ubiquitin either exists as free monoubiquitin or as a molecule that is covalently linked to other proteins. These two forms cycle between each other and due to the concerted antagonistic activity of ubiquitylating and deubiquitylating enzymes, an intracellular ubiquitin equilibrium is maintained that is essential for normal biological function. However, measuring the level and ratio of these forms of ubiquitin has been difficult and time consuming. In this paper, we have adapted a simple immunoblotting technique to monitor ubiquitin content and equilibrium dynamics in different developmental stages and tissues of Drosophila. Our data show that the level of total ubiquitin is distinct in different developmental stages, lowest at the larval-pupal transition and in three days old adult males, and highest in first instar larvae. Interestingly, the ratio of free mono-ubiquitin remains within 30-50% range of the total throughout larval development, but peaks to 70-80% at the larval-pupal and the pupal-adult transitions. It stays within the 70-80% range in adults. In developmentally and physiologically active tissues, the ratio of free ubiquitin is similarly high, most likely reflecting a high demand for ubiquitin availability. We also used this method to demonstrate the disruption of the finely tuned ubiquitin equilibrium by the abolition of proteasome function or the housekeeping deubiquitylase, Usp5. Our data support the notion that the ubiquitin equilibrium is regulated by tissue- and developmental stage-specific mechanisms.

A Review of the Eriococcid Genera (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) of South America

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2459 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS HODGSON ◽  
DUG MILLER
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
South American ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
First Instar ◽  
The Status ◽  
Original Illustrations

This paper reviews the present status of all genera of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) known from South America and provides generic diagnoses based on the adult females of all available species for each genus. Redescriptions and illustrations are provided for the adult females of Aculeococcus morrisoni Lepage, Apiococcus gregarius Hempel, Capulinia sallei Signoret, Carpochloroides viridis Cockerell, Macracanthopyga verganiana Lizer y Trelles, Pseudocapulinia lanosa Hempel and Tectococcus ovatus Hempel, which are all type species of their respective genera. In addition, modified reproductions of original illustrations are provided for the adult females of the following species as representatives or type species of South American genera: Acanthococcus aceris Signoret, Chilechiton lynnae Hodgson & Miller, Chilecoccus browni Miller & González, Coxicoccus foldi Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, Eriobalachowskya valenzualae (Balachowsky), Exallococcus laureliae Miller & González, Hempelicoccus paranaensis (Foldi & Kozár), Icelococcus nothofagi Miller & González, Intecticoccus viridis Kondo, Melzeria horni Green, Orafortis luma Hardy, Oregmopyga neglecta (Cockerell), Poliloculus stipae González, Pseudotectococcus anonae Hempel and Stibococcus cerinus Miller & González. Descriptions and illustrations are also provided of the first-instar nymphs of: Acanthococcus aceris Signoret, Aculeococcus morrisoni, Apiococcus gregarius, A. singularis Hempel (which appears to be sexually dimorphic), Capulinia sallei, Carpochloroides viridis, Chilechiton lynnae, Exallococcus laureliae, Hempelicoccus tucumanensis (González & Granara de Willink), Icelococcus lithrae Miller & González, Melzeria horni, Oregmopyga peruviana Granara de Willink & Diaz, Pseudocapulinia lanosa, Pseudotectococcus anonae and Tectococcus ovatus. In addition, illustrated descriptions of the adult males of Capulinia sallei, Carpochloroides viridis, and Tectococcus ovatus are included. The first-instar nymphs and adult males of the other genera, where they are known, are also diagnosed and discussed. Based on the molecular studies of Cook & Gullan (2004), most species currently included in Eriococcus Targioni Tozzetti known from South America are considered to belong to the genus Acanthococcus Signoret, resulting in the following new combinations: A. clapsae (González) n. comb., A. cuneifoliae (González) n. comb., A. divaricatae (González) n. comb., A. pituilensis (González) n. comb. and A. lahillei (Leonardi) n. comb. In additon, Eriococcus pumuliae González, E. santiaguensis González & Granara de Willink and E. tucumanensis González & Granara de Willink are transferred to Hempelicoccus, as H. pumuliae (González) n. comb., H. santiaguensis (González & Granara de Willink) n. comb. and H. tucumanensis n. comb. (González & Granara de Willink). The status of Opisthoscelis prosopidis Kieffer & Jorgensen, the only species from the Neotropics currently included in Opisthoscelis Schrader, is discussed, and it is concluded that this species is unlikely to belong to this genus but is currently unrecognizable. Keys are provided for the identification of the 24 genera now known from South America based on the morphology of: (i) the adult females; (ii) the first-instar nymphs; and (iii) adult males, as far as these are known. In addition, Appendix 1 lists all Eriococcidae known from South America with their current generic placement, along with a brief summary of their host plants.

Description of the adult male elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris (Coccoidea: Diaspididae), with notes on the seasonal development of the species on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrieré (Pinaceae), in the southern Appalachian region (U.S.A.)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1615 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
PARIS LAMBDIN ◽  
CHRISTOPHER HODGSON ◽  
JEROME GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Elongate Hemlock Scale ◽  
Fiorinia Externa ◽  
First Time

The adult male of Fiorinia externa Ferris is described for the first time. Its morphology agrees with that of previously described adult males in the tribe Diaspidini, and suggests a close affinity to Pseudaulacaspis. F. externa has two complete overlapping generations per year on the needles of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrieré, in the eastern Tennessee (USA) southern Appalachians. Adult females (both gravid and non-gravid) and first-instar nymphs were the dominant overwintering stages, although all stages apart from the adult males were present throughout the winter months. Adult males began emerging in mid March with emergence peaks in mid April to early May and again in mid to late September.

PHOSPHOMONOESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE LIFE-CYCLE STAGES OF SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. H. Naqvi ◽  
Shahid H. Ashrafi ◽  
M. A. H. Qadri
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Almost All

AbstractThe acid and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in the developing egg and in the alimentary canal of aging nymphs as well as adult males and females of different ages. Para-nitrophenol was used as colorimetric standard and disodium p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. Activity was measured in terms of micromoles of p-nitrophenol liberated from the substrate as a result of enzyme action.Acid phosphatase activity was noticed to increase with the embryonic development and was higher than in the case of alkaline phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase activity was lowest in the freshly laid egg, but increased more sharply than acid phosphatase during embryonic development.The activity of both the acid and alkaline phosphatases was highest in the first instar and declined gradually to the fifth instar. The activity of acid phosphatase was higher than alkaline phosphatase in all stages except the first instar where it was almost equal. The activity of both the enzymes was higher during the intermoulting period and declined at each moult indicating a hormone–enzyme relationship.In adults, activity of both the enzymes increased up to the maturation period after which the activity gradually decreased. Acid phosphatase activity was generally higher in males whereas alkaline phosphatase activity was generally higher in females. In almost all cases, the acid phosphatase activity was found to be higher than the alkaline phosphatase.

Development of citrophilus mealybug (Pseudococcus calceolariae) on grape roots

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 378-378
Author(s):  
W.R.M. Sandanayaka ◽  
V.A. Davis ◽  
D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Pseudococcus Calceolariae ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Contact Insecticides ◽  
Laboratory Assay

Pseudococcus calceolariae (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) is a vector of Grapevine leafrollassociated virus 3 (GLRaV3) the most destructive virus disease affecting New Zealand grapevines Previous studies suggest that P calceolariae can survive on remnant vine roots for at least 12 months and these mealybugs could account for the spread of the disease in replanted vineyards A laboratory assay test was developed to observe the growth of P calceolariae on grape rootstock 3309 Clean root pieces were left on moist filter paper in Petri dishes for a week to encourage new growth before P calceolariae eggs (n15) were inoculated and held at 23C Recordings were made every 34 days of the survival and development from first instar until males emerged as adults and females started oviposition About 50 mortality was recorded during first and second instars and ca 30 developed into adult stages The development periods from first instar to adult males and females were 441 1 (n16) and 454 1 (n22) respectively This methodology is being developed to assess the relative resistance of grapevine rootstocks effects of contact insecticides and to understand GLRaV3 transmission from roots

scholarly journals Life History of the Camelthorn Gall Leafhopper,Scenergates viridis(Vilbaste) (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Rakitov ◽  
Esther Appel
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
History Of

The world’s only member of Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha known to form true galls, the leafhopperScenergates viridis(Vilbaste) (Cicadellidae), transforms leaves of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorumMedikus, Fabaceae) into pod-like chambers, up to 35 mm long, inside which individual leafhoppers develop, mate, and lay eggs. At the study site 40 km SE of Bukhara (Uzbekistan), two generations develop annually. First-instar nymphs cause young leaves to fold along the midrib. The subsequent development takes place inside the tightly closed growing gall, plugged at both ends with a mixture of leafhopper excrement, brochosomes, and crushed exuviae. These plugs act as mechanical barriers and sticky traps for intruders. The inner surface of the gall, lined with brochosomes and wax platelets, is hydrophobic. Adult males emerge from their galls and squeeze into female galls. Fertilized females insert an average of 146 eggs under the gall’s inner epidermis and remain inside, possibly protecting the brood, until they die. The walls of the galls containing eggs are approximately three times thicker than regular leaves. The galls are subject to predation by Gelechiidae caterpillars; the eggs of the leafhopper are parasitized by two species of Trichogrammatidae and one Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), and its larvae by one species of Pipunculidae (Diptera).

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Insecticide Efficacy against Armored and Soft Scales

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos R. Quesada ◽  
Adam Witte ◽  
Clifford S. Sadof
Keyword(s):  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Insecticide Efficacy ◽  
Aspidiotus Nerii ◽  
Calico Scale ◽  
Phloem Feeding

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are among the most economically important pests of ornamental plants. Soft scales (Coccidae) are phloem-feeding insects that produce large amounts of honeydew. By contrast, armored scales (Diaspididae) feed on the contents of plant cells and produce a waxy test that covers their bodies. We studied two species of armored scales [pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) and oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii)] and two species of soft scales [calico scale (Eulecanium cerasorum) and striped pine scale (Toumeyella pini)] to compare efficacy of selected insecticides. In addition, we assessed how the duration of first instar emergence might influence insecticide efficacy. Several reduced-risk insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, pyriproxyfen, spiromesifen, and spirotetramat), horticulture oil, and two broad-spectrum insecticide standards (bifenthrin and dinotefuran) were evaluated. Efficacy of insecticides was consistent within each scale family. Bifenthrin and pyriproxyfen were the only insecticides that killed soft scale insects. By contrast, all insecticides killed armored scales when the crawler stage was the target of application. Armored and soft scales may differ in susceptibility to pesticides because of likely differences in the chemical composition of their integuments and covers. Finally, we found that the effectiveness of a single application of insecticide declined by >15% when the duration of the crawling juvenile period was increased from 1 to 4 weeks. Increases in duration of a scale crawling period decreased the efficacy of a pesticide application.

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