Dispersal of an Insect Parasite Over a Small Plot

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 279-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Insect Parasite ◽  
Small Plot

The relation of host density to reproduction of the chalcid parasite Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zett.) was examined in a previous study (Burnett, 1954). When the parasite searched in a naturally varying physical environment for hosts–cocoons of sawflies that attack conifers–distributed over plots on a grass lawn, the influence of host density on parasitism was similar to that obtained in laboratory experiments. As the irregularities of the meteorological factors did not appreciably alter the relation of parasitism to host density it was of interest to determine whether the additional discontinuities of a natural environment would.

Brains in bodies in the—social, built, and natural—environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-72
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arbib
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
Physical Construction

Each brain enlivens a body in interaction with the social and physical environment. Peter Zumthor’s Therme at Vals exemplifies the interplay of interior with surroundings, and ways the actions of users fuse with their multimodal experience. The action–perception cycle includes both practical and contemplative actions. The author analyzes what Louis Sullivan meant by “form ever follows function,” but more often talks of aesthetics and utility. Not only are action, perception, and emotion intertwined, but so are remembering and imagination. Architectural design leads to the physical construction of buildings—but much of what our brains achieve can be seen as a form of mental construction. A first look at neuroscience offers schema theory as a bridge from cognitive processes to neural circuitry. Some architects fear that neuroscience will strip the architect of any creativity. In counterpoint, two-way reduction explores how neuroscience can “dissect” phenomenology by showing how first-person experiences arise from melding diverse subconscious processes. This raises the possibility that neuroscience can extend the effectiveness of architectural design by showing how different aspects of a building may affect human experience in ways that are not apparent to self-reflection.

Effect of Host Distribution on the Reproduction of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Host Selection ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Average Density ◽  
General Consideration ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Host Parasite

That insect parasites regulate and, in the case of newly introduced species, sometimes reduce the average density of insect pests has led to an exmination of the properties of parasites in general. Consideration has been given to the manner in which parasites select hosts for oviposition and to the physiological and psychological basis of this selection. The distribution of parasite progeny among suitable hosts has been analysed in many cases, for the fewer the hostS that are superparasitized for any given number of parasite eggs laid the greater the efficiency of the parasite in reducing host density. It is obvious that before the factors of host selection and superparasitism become important in host-parasite interaction the parasite must find the host individuals. When the hosts are confined to a relatively small area the potential oviposition of the parasite, subject to discrimination among hosts and restraint in oviposition, often determines the level of parasitism. As distance between individuals of the host population becomes greater, however, it is necessary for the parasite to search the environment more extensively. Therefore, the ability of the parasite to find hosts is a factor of prime importance in determining its influence on the density of its host. The success with which a parasite discovers hosts in relation to host density is determined, of course, by several characteristics of the parasite species and by the modification of these characteristics through variations in the physical environment.

scholarly journals Building and constructive materials as an urban geological resource in Trikala prefecture

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1759
Author(s):  
G. D. Bathrellos ◽  
H. D. Skilodimou ◽  
I. Chrysanthaki
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
History Of

In this study were investigated the building and constrictive materials in the settlements of Trikala prefecture. These settlements have a long history of housing with buildings constructed by a variety rock types from very different geological settings. In the modern human and urban constructions are used mainly materials that have been suffered secondary (industrial) elaboration, such as cement, asphalt, glass and building iron. In older constructions (streets, homes, stables, bridges, etc) the man used materials, which the most came from local excavations. The used domestic natural materials in the human older constructions are attractive, as well as suited with the physical environment. On the contrary, the modern materials are usually strange and unsuitable to natural environment. The usage of rich and various geological resources in the urban regions present perhaps the best occasion for achieving the connection between the human culture and urban growth with the geology

scholarly journals The Ever Increasing Trend of Environmental Pollution in Pakistan and its Eradication in the Light of Islamic Teachings

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-78
Author(s):  
dr. hashmat safi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Social Responsibilities ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
Increasing Trend

The human being has been honored with vice regency on the planet earth by the creator. Such a prestigious position demands for exhibition of moral high grounds by performing a set of important roles, responsibilities and keeping up with the trust. This includes protecting and preserving the natural environment and resources for the greater benefit of the whole human race. The Arabic equivalent for the word Environment is ماحول which encompasses everything that exists in the surrounding hence environment does not merely consisted the physical resources around us but also includes moral, cultural, political and socio-economic circumstances that matter and are no less important with regard to overall environmental situation, because the environment in physical terms is seriously affected if the latter get corrupted. This article moves on discussing the Islamic stance on the environment, its protection and preservation. It classifies the causes of environmental degradation into two major areas i.e natural causes and man-made causes. The article stresses upon the moral values that can have lasting effects on our environment. It also suggests reformation of moral values by creating awareness about the consequences/ impacts of moral, social evils on the society and the environment at large. There is a great demand for promotion of universally accepted moral values and practices. The article discusses in detail the physical environment and its four basic elements by highlighting the teachings of the Islam. The paper concludes with the list of suggestions about the environmental protection and motivates its readers to fulfil their individual and social responsibilities.

scholarly journals Gravitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-91
Author(s):  
Pia Ahlbäck
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reading Practice ◽  
Primary Position ◽  
Sustainable Economy

Gravitation: Modes of Reading in the Anthropocene In this article, I suggest ‘gravitation’ as a new way of reading in and for the anthropocene, which is characterised by environmentally destructive ‘social acceleration’. This reading practice would imply two things: First, that representations of the natural environment take a primary position in relation to the characters in many genres, including those where nature so far has been read as a highly conventional construction. It also involves acknowledging that ultimately, characters are positioned by the physical environment in these genres, as characters, in one way or the other, can never exist unrelated to the environment that encompass and cut through them. These genres I suggest be called ‘gravitating genres’. Second, and in a similar fashion, I suggest the term ‘gravitating reading’ to denote reading of physical books, which in this context becomes a highly preferred medium. This term partly coincides with that of ‘deep reading’ suggested by Mangen, but in addition, it also recognizes the dependency of both the reader and the medium on the natural environment. Together, these two practices amount to, I suggest, nothing less than a mutually sustainable economy of reading.

scholarly journals LANSKAP EKOLOGI KESERASIAN DAN KEMENARIKAN KEPARIWISATAAN ALAM DI WILAYAH YOGYAKARA UTARA

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhamad Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Nature Tourism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tourism Attractions ◽  
Landscape Level

This study examines the extent of landscape ecology and attractiveness of the natural environment in the tourism area in the region north of Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta northern region has objects and natural tourism attractions of the venture capital in its tourism development footprint. The compatibility and attractiveness level of the environment is one of the most important factors to determine the region’s level of potential environmental compatibility and attractiveness, so that the characteristics and the distribution pattern of the attractiveness and harmony of nature in the tourism region can be known. The results showed that the landscape level of ecological harmony and the attractiveness of the environment after the 2010 eruption had a significant amount of the index. The higher the quality of the natural (physical) environment and social (human and socioeconomic) culture is, the higher the level of harmony and attractiveness of the region. Landscape ecology establishes harmony between the social component (population) and the natural environment (bio-physical), suchthat they form a potential tourist attraction at the site of nature tourism in the region north of Yogyakarta. 

scholarly journals Loss of buoyancy control in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 787-790
Author(s):  
Jonathan H Cohen ◽  
Kim S Last ◽  
Jack Waldie ◽  
David W Pond
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Biophysical Properties ◽  
Buoyancy Instability ◽  
Buoyancy Control

Abstract A mechanism is demonstrated that could explain large-scale aggregations of lipid-rich copepods in the surface waters of marine environments. Laboratory experiments establish that changes in salinity and temperature induce lipid-mediated buoyancy instability that entrains copepods in surface waters. Reduced hydrostatic pressure associated with forced ascent of copepods at fjordic sills, shelf breaks and seamounts would also reduce the density of the lipid reserves, forcing copepods and particularly those in diapause to the surface. We propose that salinity, temperature and hydrodynamics of the physical environment, in conjunction with the biophysical properties of lipids, explain periodic high abundances of lipid-rich copepods in surface waters.

scholarly journals Conceptualization of Women's Physical Beauty in Javanese Metaphors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-141
Author(s):  
Ermi Dyah Kurnia
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Collective Imagination ◽  
Physical Beauty

Like other societies, women are important figures in Javanese society so that women's figures in Javanese society's thoughts are also described in such a way. There is a desire in the collective imagination of the Javanese community towards women, so that the Javanese people's thoughts about women are very diverse. One of them is the Javanese thought about the physical beauty of women which is idealized through the use of metaphors. This metaphor in Javanese society is an expression of Javanese society to express ideas and dreams through language. This paper aims to find out the metaphorical conceptualization of the physical beauty of women in Javanese. This study uses qualitative methods and conceptual metaphor theory according to Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The results of data analysis show that there is a relationship between the Javanese people and their natural environment in the form of physical and cultural. Physical environment in the form of animals, plants, and other objects around it

Environmental Impacts of Tourism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mason
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
The Impact

The environment is made up of both natural and human features. Human settlements set in the countryside may contain a large number of attractions for tourists. Often the natural environment is referred to as the physical environment. The natural or physical environment includes the landscape, particular features such as rivers, rock outcrops, beaches and also plants and animals (or flora and fauna), many of which are tourist attractions and have been discussed in Chapter 3. This chapter is concerned with the impact of tourism on the environment.

Differential parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae by the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two host plant species

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-sheng Liu ◽  
Li-hui Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Host Selection ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Cotesia Plutellae ◽  
Choice Tests

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to examine host selection by Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov when larvae of its host, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), fed on Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis and those fed on common cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata were provided simultaneously, and to investigate the roles of plant and host volatiles in mediating host selection. When C. plutellae were provided with equal numbers of host larvae on plants of the two species in one arena, the parasitoid parasitized 4- to 15-fold more host larvae on Chinese cabbage than on common cabbage. This preference changed little with host density. However, an experience of searching coupled with an oviposition in a host larva on a leaf of the less-preferred plant, common cabbage, significantly increased the preference for parasitizing host larvae on this plant and resulted in twice as many host larvae parasitized on this plant than on Chinese cabbage. Dual choice tests with a Y-tube olfactometer showed that plant volatiles from Chinese cabbage were more attractive to female C. plutellae than those from common cabbage when plants of both species were either intact or infested. In parallel to the increased parasitism on common cabbage following experience, oviposition in a host larva on this less-preferred plant significantly increased the response to volatiles emanating from that plant. These results indicate that host plants may strongly influence the foraging behaviour of C. plutellae, but their differential attractiveness to the parasitoid may be altered by experience of the parasitoid.

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