Annotated List of Spiders (Araneae) from Apple Trees in Nova Scotia

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 697-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Dondale
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Orchard Pests ◽  
Pest Control Methods

Orchard spiders are important because of their predatory activities and their frequent abundance. They were recngnizcd as a group needing study at the time Pickett et al. (1946) began their long-term investigation of orchard fauna. The identities of the species involved, and their influence on populations of orchard pests, are the main factors to be considered.This paper presents a list of the species collected in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia to date, together with brief comments of a general nature. Spiders have been collected in about 40 orchards since 1954. These orchards were subjected to a variety of cultural and pest control methods by the owners, but most were in sod cultivation, and under modified spray programs as described by Pickett and Patterson (1953). Collecting was done mainly by capping lower branches of trees over an inverted, open umbrella, hut specimens were also taken individually from crevices along tree trunks, and from trays under fumigated trees.

A Fungous Enemy of the Pea Aphid, Macrosiphum pisi (Kaltenbach)

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 503-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Orchard Pests

During an investigation into the importance of fungal disease as a factor in the control of orchard pests throughout the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, the haemocoele of large numbers of Macrosiphum pisi (Kaltenbach) was found to be infected with a fungal growth that resulted in death. This fungus was identified from mounted specimens as Empusa (= Entomophthora) aphidis Hoffman.

NATURAL CONTROL OF THE GREY BANDED LEAF ROLLER EULIA MARIANA FERN, IN NOVA SCOTIA ORCHARDS

1937 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 145-146
Author(s):  
F. C. Gilliatt
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Leaf Roller ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Orchard Pests

Eulia mariana Fern. was identified in Annapolis Valley orchards about twelve years ago and since has become one of the major orchard pests. Although outbreaks continue to occur, fruit growers should fully appreciate the value of natural control, which in one form or another is always assisting in keeping this insect in check. The various natural control factors may be recorded as follows:(1) Mortality of pupae. (2) Parasites of larvae and pupae. (3) Parasites of eggs. (4) Predators.

POPULATION STUDIES ON THE WINTER MOTH OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MacPhee ◽  
A. Newton ◽  
K.B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Moth Population ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Introduced Pest ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Natural Dispersal

AbstractThe winter moth Operophtera brumata (L.) is a serious introduced pest of apple trees in Nova Scotia. It spread westward through orchards of the Annapolis Valley in the 1950’s and to other deciduous trees throughout Nova Scotia later. The parasites Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) and Agrypon flaveolatum (Grav.) were liberated during 1961 in Nova Scotia and gradually spread throughout the winter moth population. Population dynamics studies were conducted in insecticide-free orchards and corroborated with observations in neglected unsprayed apple trees over a wide area. The winter moth population reached a balanced level in unsprayed orchards at varying densities below the limits of its food supply, but well above an acceptable level for commercial apple production. In young orchards, where trees cover a small percentage of the ground, natural dispersal of larvae appeared to be a suppressing factor. In mature orchards mortality was density dependent during the prepupal to adult stage; mortality was partly due to parasitism and predation but also to other factors.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. IV. A Review

1953 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Pickett ◽  
N. A. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Orchard Pests ◽  
Comprehensive Discussion

Studies on the ecology of the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia were initiated in 1943, to determine the long-term influence of spray chemicals on the populations of apple-infesting insects. At that time it was felt that the indiscriminate use of spray chemicals in the control of orchard pests was sometimes creating worse problems than those corrected–and was threatening the economy of apple production; and that there was an urgent need to determine, if possible, how to harmonize biological and chemical control. A more comprehensive discussion on the biological and philosophical concepts on which the studies were based may be found elsewhere (Pickett et al., 1946; Pickett, 1949a; 1949b).

scholarly journals Disruption of insect immunity using analogs of the pleiotropic insect peptide hormone Neb-colloostatin: a nanotech approach for pest control II

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patryk Nowicki ◽  
Mariola Kuczer ◽  
Grzegorz Schroeder ◽  
Elżbieta Czarniewska
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Insect Immunity ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Tissue Selectivity ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Pest Control Methods

AbstractThis work continues our studies on the pleiotropic activity of the insect peptide Neb-colloostatin in insects. In vivo immunological bioassays demonstrated that hemocytotoxic analogs of Neb-colloostatin injected into Tenebrio molitor significantly reduced the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph and impaired phagocytosis, nodulation and phenoloxidase activities in the insects. Among the analogs tested, [Ala1]-,[Val1]-, [Hyp4]- and [Ach4]-colloostatin were particularly potent in disrupting cellular immunity in larvae, pupae and adult insects. This result suggests that the most effective analogs showed increases in the bioactivity period in the hemolymph of insects when compared to Neb-colloostatin. Recently, we demonstrated that it is possible to introduce Neb-colloostatin through the cuticle of an insect into the hemolymph when the peptide is coupled with nanodiamonds. In this study, we showed that [Ala1]-, [Val1]-, [Hyp4]- and [Ach4]-colloostatin, when complexed with nanodiamonds, may also pass through the cuticle into the hemolymph and induce long-term impairments of immunity in T. molitor at all developmental stages. Studies on the tissue selectivity and effectiveness of Neb-colloostatin analogs and efficient methods for their introduction into insects may contribute to the development of eco-friendly pest control methods based on bioactive peptidomimetics.

MITES ASSOCIATED WITH APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aly H. Rasmy ◽  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Annapolis Valley

AbstractFifty-seven species of 27 families of mites associated with apple trees in Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, were recorded. Five species were phytophagous, 34 species were presumably predacious, and 18 species were presumably scavengers and fungus feeders.

MORTALITY IN APPLE MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS ACERIS (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE), POPULATIONS IN NOVA SCOTIA

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 728-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari S. Chachoria
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Annapolis Valley

The apple mealybug, Phenacoccus aceris Sig., has been a pest of apple trees periodicallv since an outbreak was reported by Gilliatt in 1935. The writer investigated mortality in its population during the summer of 1966 in connection with the current sporadic outbreak in the Annapolis Valley. Decline of outbreaks was attributed bv Marshall and Pickett (1944) to attacks by the parasite Allotropa utilis (Mues.) (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), and the abundance of this parasite in the current upsurge in mealybugs suggests it is an important factor. Mr. K. H. Sanford (personal communication) estimated approximately 58% of the mealybugs in the winter of 1965–1966 and about 80% in the winter of 1966–1967 were parasitized by this species.

The Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson (Acarina: Tetranychidae), on Apple in Nova Scotia.: I. Influence of Intratree Distribution on the Selection of Sampling Units. II. Differences in Habits and Seasonal Trends in Orchards With Bivoltine and Trivoltine Populations. III. Distribution of Diapause Eggs. IV. Hatching of Diapause Eggs

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1303-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Sample Unit ◽  
The Third ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractIn Nova Scotia one leaf cluster with an adjoining 1 inch of twig taken from the inside of each of 10 apple trees replicated four times is an adequate sample unit to measure the density of the brown mite.The brown mite has one generation with a partial second in some orchards and one with a partial second and partial third in others. The first generation adults in the bivoltine and trivoltine populations lay summer eggs on the leaves and twigs, and diapause eggs on tin twigs. The second generation adults in the bivoltine populations lay only diapause eggs; in the trivoltine populations they lay both summer and diapause eggs. The adults of the third generation lay only diapause eggs.The brown mite is found on both the leaves and woody parts of the tree. In orchards with bivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80% by mid-July, but thereafter gradually decreased to 10% by the end of August. However, in orchards with trivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80 to 90% by mid-July, remained constant until mid-August, and thereafter decreased to approximately 40% by the end of August.The number of diapause eggs laid by adults of each generation in both the bivoltine and trivoltine populations varies widely. The eggs are deposited on the trunk as well as on the branches, with the heaviest deposition in the central area of the tree. The diapause eggs laid by adults of the first generation are the last to hatch and those laid by the third generation are the first to hatch the following spring.The factors responsible for the differences in the number of generations and in the number of diapause eggs laid are unknown.

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