Benzene Hexachloride (BHC) as a Rapid Control Agent for White Grubs (Phyllophaga spp.)

1949 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
G. H. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Control Agent ◽  
White Grub ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Rapid Control ◽  
Benzene Hexachloride ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Suitable Area ◽  
Field Plots

The effectiveness of benzene hexachloride (BHC) when applied to pasture sod as a control for June beetles was demonstrated (1) during 1947 at Marmora. Tests were continued during 1948 to determine the control value of the same contact insecticide against second-year, second- and third-instar larvae at the summer-feeding level in sod land.A block of field plots was laid out in a pasture which was so severely infested by second-year grubs that it was expected to show most extensive destruction of sod before the end of the summer. It was considered as a most suitable area to determine the efficiency of BHC, in terms of sod protection and white grub mortality.

The Fauna of injurious Soil Insects of Arable Land

1937 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Ghilarov
Keyword(s):  
Arable Land ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
White Grub ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Soil Cultivation ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Soil Insects ◽  
Summer Fallow

Clean summer fallow is often recommended for reducing wireworm and white-grub infestations, but our investigations on this subject, conducted during the years 1933–35 at the Ukrainian Rubber Plants Experimental Station (near Kremenchug) showed that in arable fertile “ chernozem ” soil there is no significant decrease in the number of these pests after a clean summer fallow. These divergent results led us to suppose that the reaction of various species of wireworms and white-grubs to soil cultivation and fallow may be different.

Studies on the Reproductive Biology of Leafy Spurge (Euphoriba esula)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Field Plots

Studies on the development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) were conducted in the field and growth room. Sixteen months after planting in field plots, leafy spurge plants arising from underground bud-producing root segments, transplanted seedlings, or seeds averaged 96, 83, and 136 shoots per plant, respectively, when grown free of interference from other vegetation. A number of plants arising from each source flowered the first year, and all plants flowered and produced seed the second year after planting. When grown in a perennial grass sod consisting of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.] and smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.), no plant flowered or produced additional shoots. Soil moisture was less where a dense sod was present. In the growth room, total dry matter of tops and roots was greatest at a soil temperature of 18.3 C or higher, and plant height was greatest at 33.3 C. An early emerging crop might suppress leafy spurge by utilizing the available soil moisture early in the growing season.

scholarly journals Beauveria brongniartii Sacc. (Petch) against Melolontha spp. white grubs in forest nurseries with different soil pH

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Sierpińska ◽  
Elżbieta Popowska-Nowak ◽  
Andrzej Bednarek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Beauveria Brongniartii ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Population Numbers

Abstract In 2011, the General Directorate of State Forests in Poland managed 669 forest nurseries on the total area of 2411 ha that produced forest tree seedlings bare root systems, hence vulnerable to Melolontha spp. white grubs. Up to date, no chemical or biological plant protection product for control of cockchafer grubs in forests has been registered in Poland. The study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the efficacy of a biocontrol product Bovecol with BP strain of Beauveria brongniartii on sterilized wheat grain in control of Melolontha spp. white grubs in forest nurseries, established on acidic soils (with pH analogous to that of forest soils) as well as on those alkaline. The active substance of Bovecol was 108 fungal conidia per 1g of the product. Study plots were established in 3 bareroot nurseries, situated in the areas with different soil reaction values and abundant populations of Melolontha spp. white grubs (assessed before Bovecol treatments). The product was applied against L1 larvae (rates in the Czerniawka and Bałtów nurseries: 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha) and against L2 larvae (the Iłki nursery: 240 kg/ha). Grub population numbers were assessed 2, 3 and 4 months after the treatments. Application of Bovecol against L1 into the soil with neutral reaction (pH 6.8) caused the reduction of white grub numbers in 2 months, down to the threshold recommended by the Instruction of the protection of forests (mandatory guidelines for the protection of Poland’s State Forests), i.e. less than 1 grub/sampling pit. Bovecol treatment against L1 cockchafer larvae into acidic soil (pH 4.8) had no statistically significant effect on the reduction of grub population numbers, even 4 months after product application. Bovecol treatment against L2 larvae applied into the soil with medium pH value (5.3) gave poorer results when compared to the soil with pH 6.8, but considerably better – when compared to the soil with pH 4.8. The selection of a fungal strain with insecticidal properties against soil insect pests should include the evaluation of strain requirements with regard to soil pH range – optimal for germination, development and growth of a given strain.

scholarly journals The impact of white grub infestation on sengon plantation and traditional control by local communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
U W Darmawan ◽  
N E Lelana ◽  
I Anggraeni ◽  
F E Astanti
Keyword(s):  
Light Trapping ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Local Farmer ◽  
Cultivation Practice ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Farmers

Abstract White grub causes severe crop failure in some sengon plantation areas. However, study regarding this pest on sengon plantations is still limited. Therefore, a survey to observe cultivation practice by local farmers in controlling white grub has been carried out in the sengon plantation area. An interview regarding the impact of white grub infestation and its traditional control methods was also carried out with the forest farmers group and the management officer of Perum Perhutani, State-Owned Forest Corporation, to observe the farmer’s knowledge regarding white grubs and their impact on the plantation. In addition, we also carried out sampling to observe the white grub population. The result showed that the average white grub population in the soil was extremely high. The average population was at 20.9 individuals plot−1 (13.6 larvae m2 -1) and dominated by 6-8 cm in length larvae. Therefore, planting failure is expected due to its attack. The local farmer controls applying marang, a rice bowl made of plastic with a small hole on all sides when planting the tree, and collecting white grub larvae during soil tillage, using light trapping. Application of marang was considered to effectively increase the success in planting activity by about 80-90%.

scholarly journals Relación entre el estrés y las bacterias entomopatógenas Pantoea (Erwinia) agglomerans (herbicola) y Bacillus cereus en jobotos (Col: Melolonthidae) (Phyllophaga spp., Anomala spp. y Cyclocephala spp.), en Costa Rica.

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Edgar Vargas ◽  
Giselle Abarca
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Factors Affecting

Concentrations of Colony Forming Units (CFU) were determined for two entomopathogenic bacteria (Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus cereus), at the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of agriculturally important Phyllophaga and Cyclocephala white grubs, which were collected in five agroecosystems in Costa Rica. L2 and L3  larvae of Phyllophaga elenans collected in all regions where the study was conducted were extensive carriers of Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus cereu. L2 and L3 larvae of Phyllophaga obsoleta, Phyllophaga menetriesi, Cyclocephala sanguinicollis and Cyclocephala castaniella found in the Central Valley and Central Pacific regions were carriers of Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus cereus bacteria. In 60% to 90% of larvae in all white grub varieties studied, Pantoea agglomerans showed greater concentrations of CFU than Bacillus cereu, which showed the lowest CFU concentration. Egg, pupal, and adult mortality in all Phyllophaga species was due to Pantoea agglomerans in 62%, 80% and 22.5% of the cases, respectively. A possible antagonistic interaction between Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus cereus is also discussed. In general, it was noted that light and larval manipulation were the main stress factors affecting these scarabids.

scholarly journals RESIDUAL EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECTICIDES AGAINST SOIL-INHABITING INSECTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
George N. Wolcott
Keyword(s):  
Residual Effect ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Field Application ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Diaprepes Abbreviatus ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Original Field ◽  
Benzene Hexachloride ◽  
Residual Effectiveness

Results of tests with just-hatched grubs of Diaprepes abbreviatus L. as biological indicators of the residual effect of insecticides mixed with soil were much more consistent and showed little loss of toxicity in 3 years as compared with the tests using field-collected white grubs. Thus tests with third- or last-instar grubs of Phyllophaga (or Lachnosterna) portoricensis Smyth and P. vandinei Smyth, as well as with first-instar white grubs of these species, although not entirely conclusive, appear to indicate that, after being mixed with soil for 3 years, Chlordan is not nearly so toxic to white grubs as when originally applied. But the latest results with weevil grubs are almost identical with those of 3 years ago. Even when freshly applied at the rate of 10 pounds per acre, the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride did not kill just-hatched grubs of Diaprepes abbreviatus L., and cannot be recommended for field application to soils infested with them. This insecticide continued to be almost as effective against white grubs 3 years later as when originally applied to soil infested principally with them. Aldrin appeared to be fully as effective against the weevil grubs of Diaprepes abbreviatus L., as when first applied 3 years earlier, and was found to be very toxic to the grubs of Ligyrus (which are of very minor economic importance). Even if it is less toxic to third-instar Lachnosterna white grubs at the concentrations recommended for original field application (2 pounds per acre) it will kill these grubs in the first-instar. DDT appeared to be only slightly toxic to Ligyrus grubs as compared with Aldrin. For cucumbers and for the grubs of Diaprepes abbreviatus L., and the endemic species of Lachnosterna, DDT experienced no appreciable loss in toxicity in the soil with which it had been mixed 3 years earlier.

Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of white grub, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky, in laboratory and field

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120
Author(s):  
Wenxiu Guo ◽  
Guoyu Zhao ◽  
Congli Wang ◽  
Xianhong Zhou ◽  
Yifan Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
White Grub ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Method

Summary Anomala corpulenta is one of the major white grubs that cause serious damages in peanut production. To develop an environmentally friendly method to control A. corpulenta larvae, the efficacy of species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), application rate and larval stage against A. corpulenta were determined. Results showed that Steinernema longicaudum X-7 and S. glaseri B-4-1 were the most virulent species, which caused 77.8 and 84.4% corrected mortalities of the 2nd instar larvae at 25°C 14 days after treatments. Corrected mortalities of A. corpulenta caused by EPN were significantly affected by EPN application rate. A decrease but no significant difference in susceptibility from the 2nd to the 3rd instar was observed for the test EPN species S. longicaudum, S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The field experiments indicated that S. longicaudum and S. glaseri applied at a relatively high rate (⩾5.0 × 103 infective juveniles (IJ) plant−1, i.e., 7.5 × 108 IJ ha−1) were able to provide not only control efficacy against A. corpulenta with ⩾92.7% reduction of larvae and ⩽5.06% of damaged pods, and the peanut yield increase was as good as phoxim, but also gave better control persistency compared to phoxim. Our findings indicated that EPN could be an effective strategy for the management of A. corpulenta in peanut fields.

Flight Patterns and White Grub Population Densities of Three Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the Mountains of Northwestern North Carolina

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford M. R. Kard ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Phyllophaga Anxia

Light-trap and soil-sampling studies were conducted at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains of northwestern North Carolina to determine adult flight patterns and white grub population densities and instar ratios of three scarab species: Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte) Glasgow, P. fusca (Froelich) Glasgow, and Polyphylla comes Casey. Flights of the two Phyllophaga species overlapped (May–June), preceding Polyphlla flights (July–August). Multiple flights of Phyllophaga anxia and P. fusca occurred over periods of 10 and 12 weeks, respectively. Multiple flights of Polyphylla comes lasted for 6 weeks. For all three species, peak flight densities occurred 3 to 4 weeks after initial flights. Phyllophaga males and females were captured in large numbers, but very few female Polyphylla were caught. Most Phyllophaga were caught before midnight, most Polyphylla between midnight and 0400 h. White grubs were found in the root zone from early May to late September. The mean (±SEM) and maximum grub densities observed were 14.6 ± 1.7 and 34.0 grubs per m2, respectively.

Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against Phyllophaga crinita and Anomala flavipennis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Rodríguez-del-Bosque ◽  
F. Silvestre ◽  
V. M. Hernández ◽  
H. Quiroz ◽  
J. E. Throne
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Lethal Time

Five isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and 3 isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin were tested against third-instar larvae of Phyllophaga crinita (Burmeister) and Anomala flavipennis Burmeister under laboratory conditions using the “maximum challenge test” protocol. The M. anisopliae strains were more virulent than the B. bassiana strains, with the isolates MAGL3N and MAGL4N of M. anisopliae causing the highest mortality in both white grub species. Regardless of scarab species, mortality caused by MAGL3N was >63% after 4 days and >96% after 10 days. The other strain of M. anisopliae, MAGC2N, also caused high mortality in A. flavipennis, but at a slower rate than MAGL3N. Median lethal time (LT50) for MAGL3N was 2.9 days for P. crinita and 3.0 d for A. flavipennis. The LT50 for MAGL4N was 5.3 d for P. crinita and 7.6 d for A. flavipennis while the LT50 for MAGC2N was 4.4 d for A. flavipennis. Metarhizium anisopliae is a potential biological control agent for P. crinita and A. flavipennis and should be further investigated for possible development.

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