NOTES ON THE OVIPOSITION AND LIFE HISTORY OF PHLEPSIUS DECORUS O. & B. (CICADELLIDAE)

1936 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
Ralph B. Swain
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Sunflower Plant ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
History Of

The writer is not aware that observations on the exceedingly interesting oviposition habits of Phlepsius decorus O. & B. have ever been published. A single female of this species was captured on a sunflower plant at Webster Groves, Mo., June 30, 1933. It was placed in a celluloid, cylinder cage enclosing the terminal bud and young leaves of a half-grown sunflower plant where it began feeding at once.

The Occurrence, Ecology and Life History of Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer)

1936 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Isle Of Man ◽  
History Of ◽  
Copepodid Stage

The peculiar and exacting environment of Tigriopus fulvus is discussed and a census of Tigriopus from a series of pools in the Isle of Man is given.Experiments have been made determining the resistance of Tigriopus to desiccation and its revival in favourable circumstances.The life history has been worked out, times taken in development noted, and the various stages compared and contrasted with those described by Guiglia.Sex can be determined at the fourth copepodid stage. Females are normally fertilised as fifth copepodids, but the males are not functional until the adult stage. A single female may produce several egg sacs giving rise to living nauplii from a single fertilisation.There is no evidence for parthenogenesis.

The ecology of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieff.) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). I.—Life-history and influence of temperature and moisture on development

1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Readshaw
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
First Time ◽  
Case Development ◽  
Contarinia Nasturtii

The life-history of Contarinia nasturtii (Kieff.), a gall-forming pest of swedes, was investigated in northern England in 1958–60, particular attention being paid to the influence of temperature and moisture on development in the soil. Most of the observations were made under controlled conditions in the laboratory, although much of the material came from the field.The adults emerge from the soil, mate, and live 1–3 days. In laboratory conditions, each female developed about 95 eggs, laid in batches of 2–50 on the young leaves of the host plant, and produced 78·7±11·4 unisexual larval progeny. The eggs require moist conditions, and hatched according to temperature after 1–10 days at 30–10°C. The larvae fed for 7–21 days at 25–15°C., producing a gall.The full-grown larvae burrow into the soil. It was found that they either pupated in oval-shaped cocoons just below the surface, producing adults 10–48 days later (at 25–12°C.) or become dormant in spherical cocoons. At 32·5°C. the pupae died, and below 32·5°C. males developed faster than females by about 24 hours.Dormancy is caused either by diapause, in which case the larvae require prolonged chilling before development can be resumed, or by drought, in which case development is resumed immediately in response to wetting.The incidence of diapause increased regularly during the summer generations, probably in response to decreasing day-length, and the larvae tended to avoid diapause when placed in high temperatures (e.g., 25°C.). The firmness of diapause appeared to vary according to the conditions experienced by the feeding and full-grown larvae, but, in general, the larvae completed diapause development after 100 days at 2–5°C. followed by 30 days at 20–25°C., i.e., after exposure to conditions similar to those experienced by the diapause larvae during winter and spring.Dormancy due to drought (quiescence) affected both non-diapause and post-diapause larvae; the former became quiescent on entering dry soil (pF>3·5–4·0), and the latter remained inactive if kept in dry or even in moist soil (pF 3·4) after completing diapause. In both cases, the termination of dormancy occurred immediately in response to a thorough wetting of the soil. The larvae left their spherical cocoons, moved to the surface, re-entered the ground and pupated in oval cocoons as if entering the soil for the first time.Factors that delay pupation of C. nasturtii similarly delay the development of its Hymenopterous parasites and hence synchronise the emergence of the adult parasites with the host's feeding stage.

scholarly journals Life History of the Camelthorn Gall Leafhopper,Scenergates viridis(Vilbaste) (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Rakitov ◽  
Esther Appel
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
History Of

The world’s only member of Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha known to form true galls, the leafhopperScenergates viridis(Vilbaste) (Cicadellidae), transforms leaves of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorumMedikus, Fabaceae) into pod-like chambers, up to 35 mm long, inside which individual leafhoppers develop, mate, and lay eggs. At the study site 40 km SE of Bukhara (Uzbekistan), two generations develop annually. First-instar nymphs cause young leaves to fold along the midrib. The subsequent development takes place inside the tightly closed growing gall, plugged at both ends with a mixture of leafhopper excrement, brochosomes, and crushed exuviae. These plugs act as mechanical barriers and sticky traps for intruders. The inner surface of the gall, lined with brochosomes and wax platelets, is hydrophobic. Adult males emerge from their galls and squeeze into female galls. Fertilized females insert an average of 146 eggs under the gall’s inner epidermis and remain inside, possibly protecting the brood, until they die. The walls of the galls containing eggs are approximately three times thicker than regular leaves. The galls are subject to predation by Gelechiidae caterpillars; the eggs of the leafhopper are parasitized by two species of Trichogrammatidae and one Mymaridae (Hymenoptera), and its larvae by one species of Pipunculidae (Diptera).

scholarly journals Life history of the gall-maker Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça-Jr. & Romanowski, 1996 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. de S.,Jr. MENDONÇA ◽  
H. P. ROMANOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Eugenia Uniflora ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
History Of

The development of the galls of the midge Eugeniamyia dispar Maia, Mendonça-Jr. & Romanowski, 1996 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was monitored weekly on its host plant, Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae). The work was carried out in the urban area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, from October 1993 to September 1995. Galls were collected from the field and raised in the laboratory to obtain adults. The females oviposit on young leaves of the host plant, with the first instar larvae inducing the gall, which is unilocular. The last instar larvae drop to the soil to pupate and later emerge as adults. The galls occur from late August to early June, when young leaves of the host can be found, with populations peaking during the summer. So far this species is only known from the two southernmost states of Brazil (RS and SC).

Experimental life history of Echinostoma cinetorchis

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
S H Lee ◽  
J Y Chai ◽  
S T Hong ◽  
W M Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
History Of
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