SOME EARLY STAGES OF BRENTHIS MONTINUS SCUDDER. (LEPIDOPTERA—NYMPHALIDAE)

1936 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
Cyril F. Dos Passos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
The Body ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
History Of

The life history of Brenthis montinus has long been a problem taxing the ingenuity of lepidopterists. Scudder made repeated efforts to secure the egg but never observed a female ovipositing. The egg figured in “The Butterflies of the Eastern United States” (Vol. 3, plate 64 f.38 and plate 67 f.16) was removed from the body of the ♀ (1863 Bost. Journ. Nat. History VII: 626; see also 1874 Geology of New Hampshire 339, 354).

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE FOUR-BANDED LEAF-ROLLER, EULIA QUADRIFASCIANA FERN. (LEPID.)

1927 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
S. W. Frost
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Life History ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Leaf Roller ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The four-banded leaf-roller, Eulia quadrifasciana Fern., is very closely related and similar in habits to the red-banded leaf-roller, Eulia velutinana Walk. It was described by Fernald (1882) as Lophoderus quadrifasciana but was later placed in the genus Eulia by Kearfott (1905). Fernald (1908) put Lophoderus Steph., in synonymy with Eulia Hubn. For at least eight years following the original description it seems to have attracted little attention. Sanderson (1904) recorded it for the first time as a pest of apple in Delaware. The same year Fletcher (1900) reported it somewhat abundant in Canada. Subsequently it has been recorded from Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Illinois and it is apparently common throughout north eastern United States. It has been found somewhat common in Pennsylvania by the writer (1922) who mentions it in connection with Eulia mariana Fern., as a pest of apple.

scholarly journals A SINGULAR CASE

1870 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
V. T. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Singular Case ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
History Of ◽  
Walnut Leaves

Seeing in the last number of the Canadian Entomologist, a description of the egss of A. Luna, reminds me to ask of you the explanation of a curious circumstance in the life-history of one bred by me from the larva last year. I will premise that I am writing without my notes, and therefore cannot give figures accurately, but can give the facts. There may be nothing very strange about it, but two of the best entomologists in the United States inform me that it is entirely new to them. It is this:–Some time in the latter part of the summer of 1868 I took, feeding on walnut leaves, a mature larva of A. Luna; from which I did not houi to rear the mature insect, because I counted on the larva over twenty eggs like those of a Tachina, Underneath some of the eggs I could discern with a lens a minute opening through which the fly-larva had entered the body of the Luna larva. The skin of the latter was more or less discoloured under each egg, but under some-under many in fact there was a dense black spot, sometimes two lines in diameter.

scholarly journals THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN MOLE-CRICKET—GRYLLOTALPA BOREALIS

1892 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 270-273
Author(s):  
E. W. Doran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Mole Cricket ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required

Although this is a common insect in many parts of the United States, it is not generally found in great numbers in any locality, and, notwith standing its general distribution, the various staes of the insect seem not to have been describe or figured.While I am not yet able to clear up all the points in its history, I have studied the insect in all its stages, though I have not reared it from the egg to maturity, on account of the time required for it to develop—in all probability three years.

scholarly journals The 2009 Late Blight Pandemic in the Eastern United States – Causes and Results

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Fry ◽  
M. T. McGrath ◽  
A. Seaman ◽  
T. A. Zitter ◽  
A. McLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Community Supported Agriculture ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mainstream Press

The tomato late blight pandemic of 2009 made late blight into a household term in much of the eastern United States. Many home gardeners and many organic producers lost most if not all of their tomato crop, and their experiences were reported in the mainstream press. Some CSAs (Community Supported Agriculture) could not provide tomatoes to their members. In response, many questions emerged: How did it happen? What was unusual about this event compared to previous late blight epidemics? What is the current situation in 2012 and what can be done? It's easiest to answer these questions, and to understand the recent epidemics of late blight, if one knows a bit of the history of the disease and the biology of the causal agent, Phytophthora infestans.

On the life history of Ascaris devosi and its development in the white mouse and the domestic ferret

Parasitology ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 244-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
White Mouse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
History Of

The development of Ascaris devosi, a parasite of the fisher and marten, was followed from the egg to the adult stage using the white mouse and the ferret as the intermediate and final hosts respectively. The eggs contained motile 1st stage larvae 6 days after cleavage and were infective at 12 days, the 1st moult having already occurred. The eggs remained infective for at least 1 year. The 2nd stage larva after hatching from the egg in the intestine of the mouse passes through the intestinal wall to the liver and mesenteric tissues. At 3 days after infection they were recovered from the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys and from the carcass. The larvae grow and store food material during the 2nd stage and between 8 and 12 days after infection they undergo the 2nd moult. The mouse shows the most severe pulmonary symptoms on the 3rd and 4th days after infection, the lungs showing complete red hepatization at this time. The 3rd stage larva is relatively inactive and becomes encapsulated in various tissues, particularly in the muscular and subcutaneous tissues of the neck, shoulders and thorax. The chief developmental changes, apart from growth, which occur in the 2nd and 3rd stage larvae are: (i) the intestine develops from a single row of cells to a multi-cellular tube; (ii) the body cavity appears; (iii) the excretory lobes appear, the nucleus on the left side becoming prominent at the end of the 2nd stage; (iv) the cuticle shows transverse striations at the end of the 2nd stage; (v) the lateral lines become prominent.The encapsulated 3rd stage larvae remained alive for at least six months in the tissues of mice and at 25 days after infection of the mouse they were able to develop in the young ferret following killing and ingestion of the mouse. No infection of ferrets was obtained through oral administration of embryonated eggs or 3rd stage larvae digested from mouse tissues.The 3rd moult occurred in the intestine of the young ferret 3–4 days after infection; in adult ferrets the 3rd stage larvae were evidently unable to gain a hold and were passed out in the faeces. In the next 2–3 weeks the larva grew from about 2 to 16 mm. the 4th moult occurring between 2 and 3 weeks after infection. During the 4th stage the lips develop into the adult form and sexual differentiation occurs. In the female the genital rudiment moves forward and becomes differentiated into the vagina, uteri and ovaries. The vulva remains closed throughout the 4th stage.The adult parasites had developed to sexual maturity by 56 days after infection, but they continued to grow and were considerably longer at 6 months after infection. The position of the vulva relative to the body length was found to move from about midway along the body in the 4th stage larva to a position at the junction of the anterior and middle third of the body in the mature adult.The life history of this parasite is discussed in relation to that of A. lumbricoides and other species. It is considered that the life history of A. devosi, requiring as it does a true intermediate host for its completion, provides further information on the evolutionary development of the ascaris group. This work accordingly supports the hypothesis that the earliest members of this group utilized an intermediate host and does not support that which supposes that ascaris parasites are descended from skin-penetrating forms.During this investigation the writer has benefited considerably from correspondence with Dr J. D. Tiner, Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. His thanks are also due to Dr H. B. Speakman and Dr A. M. Fallis for their encouragement, guidance and help.This work was supported by the Province of Ontario on the recommendation of the Research Council of Ontario.Grateful acknowledgement is made to Mr Cliff Smith of the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories of the University of Toronto for photographic work.

On the Morphology and Life History of Fasciola nyanzae Leiper, 1910 from the Hippopotamus

1961 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Dinnik ◽  
N. N. Dinnik
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Bile Ducts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Characteristic Shape ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liver Flukes ◽  
A New Species

A half a century ago, R. T. Leiper described a new species belonging to the genus Fasciola from specimens which he collected from hippopotami at the Murchison Falls, on the Victoria Nile in Uganda, in the summer of 1907. This species, Fasciola nyanzae, was found in the bile ducts of the liver, and in most instances the specimens were somewhat macerated owing to the length of time that had elapsed before the animal could be recovered from the water. Nevertheless, the characteristic shape of these liver flukes and the restriction of the branched testes to the anterior third of the body made it possible to recognise them as being different from all other species of the genus known at that time.

Shakers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Nicoletta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Linear Arrangement ◽  
State Prisons

Arriving in the colony of New York in 1774 from England, Ann Lee and her eight followers set about creating a model communal society in what would become the United States. Officially known as the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, the Shakers believed in Christ’s imminent return. Their support of pacifism, near equality between the sexes that allowed women to take on leadership roles, and perfectionism set them apart from most Americans. Within a decade, they had begun creating a Kingdom of Heaven on Earth through their worship, work ethic, and construction of orderly villages with buildings and furniture meant to reinforce religious belief and shape and control behavior. From humble beginnings, the sect created a total of twenty-two communities beginning in the 1780s, spreading from Maine to Indiana and as far south as Georgia and Florida, though these latter two sites and the one in Indiana were short lived. During periods of religious revivalism in the United States in the late 18th and early19th centuries, the Shakers attracted hundreds of converts who gave up their worldly possessions to live celibate, communal lives. After a peak population of over three thousand in the1840s, the Shakers have dwindled to just three members inhabiting the only surviving living community of Sabbathday Lake, near New Gloucester, Maine. The Shakers’ demographic and economic success over several decades left a legacy of buildings at numerous locations throughout the eastern United States. Some of these villages have become museum sites, most notably Hancock, Massachusetts; Mount Lebanon, New York; Canterbury, New Hampshire; and Pleasant Hill and South Union, both in Kentucky. Other Shaker buildings remain as private residences and parts of retirement communities and state prisons. In many ways, Shaker architecture reflects contemporary regional vernacular building practices, such as the closely spaced anchor bents in the framing of the earliest meetinghouses in Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, and eastern New York State, and the rather grand masonry structures of the dwelling houses and trustees’ offices in Kentucky. The linear arrangement of buildings, their large size, and separate entrances for men and women distinguished Shaker buildings from those of the outside world, though stylistically they appeared much like non-Shaker buildings. The Shakers organized building interiors to use space efficiently with many built-in cabinets and drawers, installed pegboards on walls for storage and to help keep floors clear for cleaning, and included separate staircases to demarcate men’s and women’s areas. The buildings, especially the meetinghouses and dwelling houses, reminded Shakers of their commitment to their faith and to their distinctive way of living and encouraged them to “put their hands to work and their hearts to God,” a saying attributed to Ann Lee. Nevertheless, the Shakers were not immune from influences from the outside world. They needed to interact with outsiders to encourage the economic success of their villages and to attract converts. As their population shrank in the latter half of the 19th century, they turned increasingly to hired help to assist with building construction and other aspects of daily life. The Shakers also embraced stylistic changes in architecture and furniture; their buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries reflect these influences with added ornamentation inside and out, as well as embellished furnishings either made by the Shakers or purchased from non-Shaker furniture makers. Rather than undercut any appreciation of the simple style for which the Shakers are best known, these changes show the group as always practical and responsive to changes in mainstream society.

scholarly journals Exploring the Concept of Lineage Diversity across North American Forests

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle G. Dexter ◽  
Ricardo A. Segovia ◽  
Andy R. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lineage Diversity

Lineage diversity can refer to the number of genetic lineages within species or to the number of deeper evolutionary lineages, such as genera or families, within a community or assemblage of species. Here, we study the latter, which we refer to as assemblage lineage diversity (ALD), focusing in particular on its richness dimension. ALD is of interest to ecologists, evolutionary biologists, biogeographers, and those setting conservation priorities, but despite its relevance, it is not clear how to best quantify it. With North American tree assemblages as an example, we explore and compare different metrics that can quantify ALD. We show that both taxonomic measures (e.g., family richness) and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD) are strongly correlated with the number of lineages in recent evolutionary time, but have weaker correlations with the number of lineages deeper in the evolutionary history of an assemblage. We develop a new metric, time integrated lineage diversity (TILD), which serves as a useful complement to PD, by giving equal weight to old and recent lineage diversity. In mapping different ALD metrics across the contiguous United States, both PD and TILD reveal high ALD across large areas of the eastern United States, but TILD gives greater value to the southeast Coastal Plain, southern Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest, while PD gives relatively greater value to the southern Appalachians and Midwest. Our results demonstrate the value of using multiple metrics to quantify ALD, in order to highlight areas of both recent and older evolutionary diversity.

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