MR. GROTE'S CRITICISMS

1902 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
Henry. H. Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Alternative Food

As Mr. Grote has done me the honour to make certain criticisms on some of my recent papers, I would ask space for a brief reply.In regard to Gortyna Ærata,I have no doubt that it has an alternative food-plant, but possibly it may never be discovered. Mr. Bird has made the same point, that as burdock is an introducted species it could not be the original preferred food-plant of any American species. But, while I admiit that an introduced species could not be the original food-plant of an American insect, I see no reason why it should not be the preferred food since its introduction, just as Doryphora Decemlineata prefers the potato to its original food-plant.

NATIVE HOST PLANTS OF THE LARVAE OF THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Erysimum Cheiranthoides ◽  
Native Host

AbstractThe suitability of four indigenous species (Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt., D. richardsonii (Sweet) O.E. Schulz, Lepidium densiflorum Schrad., and Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser) and one introduced species (Erysimum cheiranthoides L.) of Cruciferae as host plants for the larvae of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, was tested in the laboratory using excised true leaves as food and Brassica napus L. and D. sophia (L.) Webb as control treatments. R. palustris was a suitable food plant. D. pinnata, D. richardsonii, E. cheiranthoides, and L. densiflorum were marginally suitable. Of the four indigenous species, R. palustris probably is the only one that normally is a host plant of the larvae in nature.

scholarly journals NOTES ON MR. LYMAN'S PAPERS

1902 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-76
Author(s):  
A. Radcliffe. Grote
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Species ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Check List

I was much interested by Mr. Lynran's careful paper on a species of Gortyna, boring in burdcck. If aerala, Lyman, is a good American species it shoutd have an alternative food plant, since the burdock is imported from Europe. From Mr. Lyman's detailed statements, the distinction from necopina is assured. The differentiation form nitela is not so clearly given.With regard to nitela, Mr. Lyman is quite correct, that Guenée first describes nebris and then nitela; and in my catalogue of 1874 I give the two as distinct species in the above order of their description. But in my Buffalo Check List of 1875 I place nitela first; and in 1882 I retain this sequence and record nebris as a variety of nitela. But I am not agreed with Mr.Lyman that nebris, the white-spotted type, represents the original form the species. I think the whit filling in of the ordinary spots a specialization, therefore a variation from the original form of the species.

The sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.), in Nigeria

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Control ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Wild Sorghum ◽  
Contarinia Sorghicola ◽  
Sorghum Midge ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus

Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.), was discovered in Nigeria in 1953, and a survey which indicated the widespread occurrence of the midge in the country was followed by the investigations reported in this paper.Food-plants of the midge in Nigeria are guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare, sensu lato), which annually provides about two million tons of grain for human consumption, and the wild grasses, Andropogon gayanus and Sorghum arundinaceum.At Samaru, Zaria, Northern Nigeria, midges emerge from infested guineacorn heads in the early morning with maximum emergence between 7.45 and 8.15 a.m. After mating, females fly to recently flowered heads where they lay eggs within the spikelets, laying twice as many eggs on the glumes as on the pales. Each female may lay about 50 eggs and both males and females usually die within ten hours of emergence. The egg hatches within four days and, after ten days' feeding, during which the ovary shrivels up, the larvae pupate within the spikelet. The cycle from egg to adult is completed in 19 to 22 days during the growing season but towards the end of the rains larvae spin cocoons and enter diapause.Large numbers of diapause larvae are carried through the dry season in late-flowering heads which, because they are severely attacked by midge, are not harvested and remain on the stems which are kept in stacks and used for building and fencing or as fuel. Smaller numbers of larvae are present in threshing trash. The emergence of adults from the diapause population was observed from 1955 to 1959. In cages, the first adults were observed to emerge half way through the rains, about 5 to 7 weeks after the weekly mean R.H. had exceeded 60 per cent, and emergence continued for 9 to 12 weeks. Field observations confirmed experimental observations and showed that the build-up of the midge population before the main crop comes into flower is largely dependent on the presence of early-flowering varieties. So long as sufficient guineacorn is in flower and the weather is favourable the midge population builds up steadily to a peak in October and early November.A. gayanus appears to be of little importance as an alternative food-plant, and preliminary evidence of the existence of a distinct biological race of C. sorghicola on A. gayanus is presented. Wild sorghum (S. arundinaceum) may be an important alternative food-plant in the south, where it is most abundant, but is of little importance in the main guineacorn-growing areas of the north where it is uncommon. Eupelmus popa Gir., Eupelmus sp., Aprostocetus sp. and two species of Tetrastichus parasitise C. sorghicola, and examples of the three genera are generally present at Samaru in the ratio 3 of Eupelmus: 1 of Aprostocetus: 1 of Tetrastichus. They are only of importance late in the season. Two spiders, a species of Thomisus and a species tentatively referred to as Diaea, prey on ovipositing midges but are apparently of little importance.Experiments show a significant negative linear regression of yield on the proportion of spikelets attacked. There is no evidence of compensation and estimation of the proportion of spikelets attacked by midge gives a direct measure of the loss of yield. In 1957 and in 1958, random samples of guineacorn spikelets were taken from farmers' crops throughout Northern Nigeria. The proportion of spikelets containing midge larvae and pupae was estimated by dissecting 50-spikelet sub-samples taken at random from each sample, and the maturity of the sample was measured in each sub-sample by counting the number of spikelets which had not flowered. Samples should have been taken between 7 and 21 days after 50 per cent, of the crop had flowered, but many of the samples were immature and were discarded. In 52 mature sub-samples obtained in 1957, 10·5 per cent, of all spikelets contained midge and, in 167 obtained in 1958, 4·1 per cent, contained midge. In 1957, the results did not permit estimation of over-all crop losses but in 1958 it was estimated that at least 91,100 tons of grain, valued at £1,822,000 and representing the produce of 218,200 acres, were lost to sorghum midge.The pattern of intensity of midge attack in the survey samples suggests that in the main guineacorn-growing areas, which lie above 9°N. at an altitude exceeding 1,000 ft., midge damage is less severe than in lower latitudes and at lower altitudes where heavier attacks probably result from the longer growing seasons, higher humidities and more abundant wild sorghum.Nigerian farmers recognise the empty heads caused by midge but are unaware of the midge itself and, until they have learned to recognise cause and effect, control measures depending on their co-operation may be unsuccessful. Cultural control by disposal of crop residues and the growing of a uniformly flowering crop would be the most natural and effective method in the main guineacorn-growing areas. There is little possibility of achieving chemical control at present and, though the field resistance of the Nunaba group of varieties (Sorghum membranaceum) from the Gold Coast has been confirmed in Nigeria, laboratory experiments suggest that when the midge is not free to choose between resistant and non-resistant varieties it is able to adapt its behaviour and will then oviposit on resistant varieties.This paper is intended to serve as a basis for further studies of sorghum midge in Nigeria and elsewhere in West Africa.

Utilization Of White-Meat, Red-Meat And Super Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus sp) Skin Waste As An Alternative Food Source

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Yulian Syahputri ◽  
Diana Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Dragon Fruit ◽  
Alternative Food Source

Dragon fruit skin, waste material (dragon fruit waste), will have a profitable sale value if it can be used as a food raw material. Dragon fruit skin waste contains relatively high dietary fiber so it can be used as a food raw material. This study aims to utilize dragon fruit skin waste for the manufacture of dragon fruit skin flour as an alternative food source. Some tests are made on white-meat dragon fruit skin, red-meat dragon fruit skin and super red dragon fruit skin. The preliminary study is the soaking of the three types of dragon fruit skin in two solutions, namely 0.1% sodium citrate and 0.1% sodium metabisulfite to prevent the browning effect on flour. Dragon fruit skin flour from the soaking with both solutions is then characterized physically, including its texture, color, flavor and rendement. The best physical characterization is followed by chemical characterization, including the contents of water, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, minerals (Fe, Na, K, Ca and P), and also microbiological characterization of Escherichia coli, molds and Bacillus cereus. The chemical and microbiological characterization shows that the red-meat dragon fruit skin flour has better results than the white-meat and super red dragon fruit skin flour does. The red-meat dragon fruit skin flour contains 8.80% water, 0.20% ash, 2.35% fat, 7.69%, protein, 68,29% carbohydrate and 28,72% dietary fiber as well as 4.40 mg K, 8.76 mg Na , 0.65 mg Fe , 10.20 mg Ca and 32.58 mg P. Keywords: Waste, Dragon Fruit Skin, Dragon Fruit Skin Powder, Alternative Food Source

ANALISIS DAYA SAING DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN AGRIBISNIS GANDUM LOKAL DI INDONESIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Lukman Muhammad Baga ◽  
Agnes A. D. Puspita
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Competitive Position ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Developing Strategies

<em>Wheat is an alternative food product that contains high carbohydrate, which is currently consumed by many Indonesian people in order to substitute their staple food of rice.  However, Indonesia must import large amount of this product, and during the last decade the imported volume has dramatically increased.  In 2008 the imported wheat reached 4.9 million tons. Since 2001, Indonesian Government has developed domestic wheat agribusiness which aimed to establish industrial villages of domestic wheat production.  However, due to some obstacles, the program is not successful yet. Therefore, it is needed to study the competitive position of wheat agribusiness in Indonesia.  The study’s objectives are (1) to portrait the current domestic wheat agribusiness in Indonesia, (2) to analyze the domestic wheat competitive position, and (3) to formulate strategy for developing domestic wheat agribusiness in Indonesia as an effort to fulfill some part of domestic wheat demand and to build industrial villages of wheat production. The study was conducted in 2009. Data have been analyzed by using the frame of Porter’s Diamond Theory in order to find out the competitive position of Indonesian domestic wheat agribusiness.  Afterwards, SWOT analysis is used to investigate internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats of Indonesian wheat agribusiness in order to formulate the developing strategies. Finally, the approach of strategic architecture is used to arrange the formulated strategies where it can be easier to get the picture. The conclusion of Porter’s Diamond analysis showed that each subsystems of domestic wheat agribusiness in Indonesia still do not support one to another, therefore, its competitiveness becomes weak. In order to strengthen its competitiveness, domestic wheat agribusiness needs to be developed more properly by paying attention to development strategies which have been consciously formulated and put in mapping of strategic architecture.</em>

A method for rearing Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) larvae on a modified artificial diet

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Barrington ◽  
D.P. Logan ◽  
P.G. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Introduced Species ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
Sawn Timber

Burnt pine longhorn (BPL) Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) is an introduced species sometimes found in association with export logs and sawn timber A rearing method was developed to produce larvae of a known age number and quality for control trials Growth of larvae from newly hatched to 5 weeks was measured on a standard cerambycid artificial diet and on modified diets Replacing pine wood with pine bark sawdust increased survival at 5 weeks from 23 to 76 and mean weight from 9 to 21 mg There were significant interactions between the influences of three factors (diet period of rearing initial larval density) on the weight of surviving larvae Individual rearing was preferred for convenience and a standardised method was used to rear 8740 larvae for disinfestation trials Establishment and survival to 6 weeks for these larvae was 97

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