POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 2.: THE APPLE TREE TENT CATERPILLAR—THE AMERICAN LACKEY MOTH (Clisiocampa Americana HAR.)

James Fletcher

doi:10.4039/ent2174-4

POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 2.: THE APPLE TREE TENT CATERPILLAR—THE AMERICAN LACKEY MOTH (Clisiocampa Americana HAR.)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent2174-4 ◽

1889 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 74-76

Author(s):

James Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Apple Tree ◽

Apple Orchards ◽

Tent Caterpillar

There are two kinds of caterpillars which every year commit serious depredations in our Canadian apple orchards, although they by no means confine their attentions to that tree. These are the larvæ of the American and Forest Lackey Moths, two species of brown moths which frequently fly into houses at night during July, and draw attention by their headlong, reckless flight, dashing themselves against the ceiling and the walls, and very often finishing up by getting into the lamp chimney.

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First report of a new disease caused by Fusarium tricinctum on apple tree in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-21-1789-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shuwu Zhang ◽

Jinhuan Chen ◽

Lijun Ma ◽

Enchen Li ◽

Baoli Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apple Tree ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Spore Suspension ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Distilled Water ◽

New Disease ◽

Apple Orchards ◽

Apple Trees ◽

First Report ◽

Fusarium Tricinctum

Wilting of branches and leaves was observed on 4-5 year old apple trees of the varieties Delicious and Fuji in orchards located in Wushan, Gansu Province, China in April 2018. Subsequently, the stem vascular tissue and woody xylem became discolored and necrotic. The stem dieback expanded rapidly to the entire vasculature of the branches. Finally, the epidermis of the stem bases split and was covered with light pink mold. For the pathogen isolation, 25 symptomatic stems were collected from 25 symptomatic trees in 3 individual orchards. Fragments (approximately 0.5 cm in length × 0.5 cm in width) of symptomatic stems were surface sterilized and individually transferred to Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated for 4 days at 25°C. Five types of isolates with distinct morphological characteristics (PJ1 to PJ5) were obtained from the 25 symptomatic stems after the single spore inoculation and sub-culture. The isolation frequency of PJ1, PJ2, PJ3, PJ4 and PJ5 types was 11%, 8%, 100%, 4% and 13%, respectively, in the 25 symptomatic stems. A spore suspension of PJ1, PJ2, PJ3, PJ4 and PJ5 types was prepared by adding 5 ml of sterile distilled water in the 14-day old culture colonies and filtered through 0.22 mm Millipore membranes, and the final concentration was adjusted to 108 per ml for inoculation. Detached healthy apple stems (15 cm in length) were surface-disinfested and used to evaluate the pathogenicity of PJ1 (7 isolates), PJ2 (5 isolates), PJ3 (32 isolates), PJ4 (2 isolates) and PJ5 (9 isolates) by dipping the stems into sterilised tubs containing the spore suspension (108 per ml) of each isolate. Apple stems dipped in sterile distilled water served as the control. Each control and treatment were repeated 3 times. At day 15 and 35, the stems infected with the spore suspension of PJ3 isolates developed symptoms that were similar to those observed in the apple orchards. However, the other four types (PJ1, PJ2, PJ4 and PJ5) exhibited either no symptoms or different symptoms from those observed in the apple orchards. There were no symptoms on the control stems. After the colony of the pathogen (PJ3 type) was re-isolated from the infected stem bases 35 days inoculation. The PJ3 type isolates with same morphological characteristics as the original PJ3 type isolates were used for further examination and identification. After 4 days of incubation on PDA, the colonies of PJ3 type isolates developed velvety aerial mycelia with white or light pink color when they were viewed from the front/top side of the PDA and orange-red color when they were viewed from the reverse/bottom side. After 14 days of incubation, the color in the centre of the colonies changed to yellow green in the front view and carmine red in the reverse view of the plates. Three types of spores (microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores) were observed after incubation of PJ3 type isolates for 14 days. The size (width and length) of 30 conidia in each of PJ3 type isolates was measured and averaged. The microconidia were abundant on aerial mycelia and limoniform, oval or pyriform with 0-1 septa. Their size ranged from 1.94 μm to 8.05 μm in length and 1.48 μm to 3.62 μm in width. The macroconidia were falciform and curved in shape, mostly with 3-5 septa and a size ranging from 13.52 μm to 22.43 μm in length and 2.31 μm to 3.87 μm in width. The chlamydospores were spherical, intercalary and formed in chains on PDA plates. These morphological characteristics indicate that the PJ3 type isolates could be Fusarium tricinctum (Chen et al. 2019; Aktaruzzaman et al. 2018). To confirm the morphological identification, the sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-lα) and ribosomal RNA large subunit gene (LSU) of the representative isolate PJ3-3 selected from the PJ3 type isolates with same morphological characteristics were sequenced and used for molecular identification (Laurence et al. 2011; Abd-Elsalam et al. 2003; Miller et al. 1996). The sequences of ITS, TEF-lα and LSU of the PJ3-3 isolate were deposited in NCBI database with the accession numbers of MZ799356, MZ820045 and MZ820044, respectively. In BLAST analyses, the obtained sequences of the PJ3-3 isolate showed 99.47%, 100% and 99.01% identity to the corresponding region of F. tricinctum ITS (JX179207.1: 3-566 Fusarium tricinctum isolate Fyx 1), TEF-lα (MK032320.1 F. tricinctum isolate ZD3) and LSU (KC311496.1 Fusarium tricinctum isolate L12), respectively. The phylogenetic analysis clustered the PJ3-3 isolate sequences within the same clade with ITS, TEF-lα and LSU sequences of F. tricinctum isolates. Thus, the PJ3-3 isolate was identified as F. tricinctum based on the pathogenicity tests, morphological characteristics and molecular analyses. Previously, the symptoms of xylem browning and dieback were observed in the twigs of wild apple trees that were collected from wild apple forests, and the species F. avenaceum, F. solani, F. tricinctum, F. proliferatum, and F. sporotrichioides were isolated from diseased wild apple trees (Chen et al. 2019). Only F. avenaceum, F. solani, F. proliferatum, and F. sporotrichioides were reported as the pathogens causing the disease symptoms of xylem browning and dieback in wild apple trees in Xinjiang, China (Chen et al. 2019). In our present study, we found that F. tricinctum can cause stem vascular and woody xylem browning, wilting, and dieback in the apple tree varieties Delicious and Fuji. These are new symptoms discovered in our present research and different from the previous paper (Chen et al. 2019). Therefore, to our knowledge, this study is the first report of F. tricinctum causing a new disease on apple trees in China following Koch’s postulates. Our findings are important for the management of apple disease and protect apple trees in the future.

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The apple-tree tent-caterpillar /

10.5962/bhl.title.51007 ◽

1902 ◽

Author(s):

Wilton Everett Britton

Keyword(s):

Apple Tree ◽

Tent Caterpillar

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The Contribution of Surrounding Margins in the Promotion of Natural Enemies in Mediterranean Apple Orchards

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10050148 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 148

Author(s):

Neus Rodríguez-Gasol ◽

Jesús Avilla ◽

Yahana Aparicio ◽

Judit Arnó ◽

Rosa Gabarra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Enemies ◽

Habitat Management ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Sinapis Alba ◽

Apple Orchards ◽

Eriosoma Lanigerum ◽

Alternative Approach ◽

Moricandia Arvensis ◽

Dysaphis Plantaginea ◽

Lobularia Maritima

(1) Habitat management can enhance beneficial arthropod populations and provide ecosystem services such as biological control. However, the implementation of ecological infrastructures inside orchards has a number of practical limitations. Therefore, planting/growing insectary plants in the margins of orchards should be considered as an alternative approach. (2) Here, we assessed the efficacy of a flower margin composed by four insectary plant species (Achillea millefolium, Lobularia maritima, Moricandia arvensis and Sinapis alba), which was placed on an edge of four Mediterranean apple orchards to attract natural enemies of two apple tree aphids (Dysaphis plantaginea and Eriosoma lanigerum). We also characterized the natural enemies present in the aphid colonies. (3) Our results show that the implementation of a flower margin at the edge of apple orchards attracts predators (Syrphidae, Thysanoptera, Araneae, Heteroptera, Coleoptera) and parasitoids. Parasitoids are the main natural enemies present in aphid colonies in our area. (4) The implementation of the flower margins successfully recruited natural enemy populations, and the presence of parasitoids in the surroundings of the orchards increased the parasitism of D. plantaginea colonies.

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Fieberiella florii (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) as a Vector of “Candidatus Phytoplasma mali”

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-90-0284 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 284-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Rosemarie Tedeschi ◽

Alberto Alma

Keyword(s):

Apple Tree ◽

Apple Orchards ◽

Field Surveys ◽

Candidatus Phytoplasma Mali ◽

In The Wild ◽

Wild Vegetation ◽

Insect Density ◽

Inoculation Access Period ◽

High Degree ◽

Test Plants

Laboratory trials were carried out to transmit “Candidatus Phytoplasma mali” to healthy apple seedlings with the leafhopper Fieberiella florii. Experiments on serial inoculation access period and molecular analyses performed on test plants and insects confirmed the ability of the leaf-hopper to carry and transmit the phytoplasma. Field surveys by means of yellow sticky traps were conducted in northwestern Italy to verify the abundance and the natural infectivity of F. florii in apple orchards and in wild vegetation in areas surrounding apple orchards. Despite the high percentages of infected specimens obtained in the apple orchards (5.7%) and in the wild vegetation areas (20.0%), the risk of apple tree infection by F. florii in nature is probably low because of the very low insect density recorded. In spite of the low number of specimens collected, the presence of the leafhopper in apple orchards in summer, when the main vector, the psyllid Cacopsylla melanoneura, feeds on alternative hosts, is meaningful. Moreover, the high degree of polyphagy of the leafhopper opens up new interesting prospects for the epidemiology of apple proliferation.

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Monitoring Chilecomadia valdiviana (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Using Sex Pheromone-Baited Traps in Apple Orchards in Chile

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12060511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 511

Author(s):

Wilson Barros-Parada ◽

Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras ◽

Jan Bergmann ◽

Heidy Herrera ◽

Takeshi Kinsho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Pheromone ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Tree Canopy ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Apple Orchards ◽

Trap Catch ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Trap Location ◽

Series Of Experiments

Chilecomadia valdiviana (Philippi) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a native xylophagous pest in apple orchards in Chile. A series of experiments evaluated the efficacy of trap type, sex pheromone (Z7,Z10-16:Ald) dose, and trap location in the apple tree canopy on trap catch of male adults. Bucket traps (6 L), with and without roof and cross vane spacers, together with bucket traps (20 L) without roof and spacers, showed higher catches among the four types of traps evaluated. In a second experiment, the UNI-trap and Delta trap showed higher catches than Multipher, wing, and bucket traps (6 L). Male catches were not affected by height when tested at 0, 1.5, and 3 m in the canopy. A 300 µg dose of Z7,Z10-16:Ald showed higher catch than the control treatment. This dose allowed monitoring of male flight of C. valdiviana for at least five weeks in apple orchards in Chile. Based on relative trap costs, we propose the use of 6 L bucket traps for male mass trapping, while Delta traps can be used for monitoring of male flight. We found that male flight of C. valdiviana occurred mainly from mid-August to late November, reaching its maximum in mid-September.

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Are shelter belts potential inoculum sources for Neonectria ditissima apple tree infections

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5797 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 68 ◽

pp. 227-240

Author(s):

M.Walter NA ◽

M.K. Glaister ◽

N.R. Clarke ◽

H. von Lutz ◽

Z. Eld ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Apple Tree ◽

The Other ◽

Apple Orchards ◽

Latent Infections ◽

Inoculum Sources ◽

Shelter Belt ◽

Shelter Belts

The susceptibility of plants around apple orchards to Neonectria ditissima infections in the Tasman region was determined during summer 2013/14 Shelter belt and other neighbouring plants (in the absence of shelter trees) surrounding 20 apple orchards (approximately 51 km shelter length) were identified and compared with known European canker hosts Onethird of all neighbouring plants identified were either species known to be European canker hosts or shared a genus with a known host Nine nonpomaceous plant species were selected for inoculation studies Two rasp wounds were created (July 2014) and one was inoculated with N ditissima conidia the other with mycelium Symptoms were recorded and the pathogen reisolated In February 2015 all symptomless inoculation sites were harvested to determine potential latent infections Neonectria ditissima was reisolated from 38 of inoculations including from symptomless inoculation sites The fungus could be reisolated from all species inoculated

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