ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA

1886 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
Aug. R. Grote
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Related Species ◽  
New World ◽  
Great Range ◽  
The Real ◽  
Common Descent ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Representative Species

The study of the forms referable to the first or European element in the North American Moths, is complicated by the circumstance of the great range in the character and amount of the differences separating the related species now living so widely apart. These related species are found, in fact, to offer also difficulties as to their correct nomenclature. We have seen that the term “representative species,” like that of “prophetic types,” hides the real significance of the inter-resemblance which is that of a common descent. In naming these “representative” forms we must be guided by the rule that where the differences are such that the species would be considered distinct if members of a common fauna, a different specific title must be given them, but where these differences are slight, and what, under the same supposition, would be considered only varietal, the species must be considered as still identical, though separated so long in time and by so wide a space. The study of those forms which are practically identical is, as we have seen, further complicated by the difficulty of deciding as to whether they may have been introduced since the discovery of the New World by the Spaniards, or whether the species have continued unaltered since the Tertiary in both America and Europe. While certain species such as Scoliopteryx are undoubtedly in this latter case, it is less easy to feel so sure with regard to this in instances like Dipterygia Pinastri and the various identical forms of Agrotis, but on the whole I am inclined to believe that the number of species artificially exchanged is very small, and that these identical species have simply proved more constant and are of an older type than the rest.

The Natural Groups of Species in the Genus Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 508-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hopping
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Related Species ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
Natural Groups

AbstractThe genus Ips is one of four closely related genera in the tribe Ipini, sub-tribe Ipina (De Geer 1775, Balachowsky 1949, Nunberg 1954, Hopping 1963). There are now 32 species of Ips recognized in North America, with a few more as yet undescribed. This paper defines the groups of closely related species with observations on the group relationships of species from other parts of the world. Work is in progress to define the North American species in each group.

Five new species of Stenochrus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4374 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
RODRIGO MONJARAZ-RUEDAS ◽  
OSCAR F. FRANCKE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Central America ◽  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
The North ◽  
Mexican State

The North American genus Stenochrus is represented by 22 species distributed mainly in Mexico, Central America and the U.S.A.; the genus was erected originally to place the species Stenochrus portoricensis and was characterized by the presence of lateral lobes reduced on female spermathecae, male flagellum without important dorsal relief, pedipalps without distinctive armature and without posterodorsal process on segment XII. Here we describe five new species from the Mexican state of Oaxaca; we discuss the presence of dimorphic males in the genus. With this contribution the genus Stenochrus reaches 27 species, becoming the second most diverse genus of schizomids in the New World. 

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA

1886 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
Aug. R. Grote
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
North American Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
The South ◽  
Old World ◽  
The North

Again, the genera Citheronia and Eacles are a South American element in our fauna, while the typical Attacinæ, such as Actias, probably belong to the Old World element in our fauna, together with all our Platypteryginœ. Among the Hawk Moths the genera Philampelus and Phlegethontius are of probable South American extraction, though represented now by certain strictly North American species. Mr. Robert Bunker, writing from Rochester, N. Y., records the fact that Philampelus Pandorus, going into chrysaiis Augnst 1, came out Sept. 10 as a moth, showing that in a warmer climate the species would become doublebrooded. And this is undoubtedly the case with many species the farther we go South, where insect activities are not interrupted so long and so strictly by the cold of winter. Since the continuance of the pupal condition is influenced by cold, a diminishing seasonal temperature for ages may have originally affected, if not induced, the transformations of insects as a whole. Butterflies and Moths which are single brooded in the North become double brooded in the South.

The New World Aesalinae, with notes on the North American lucanid subfamilies (Coleoptera, Lucanidae)

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1505-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Howden ◽  
J. F. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The North

The North American Lucanidae are divided into four subfamilies: Aesalinae, Syndesinae, Nicaginae, and Lucaninae, and a key is presented to the subfamilies, tribes, and genera. Subfamily characters are briefly described with a more detailed account of the Aesalinae, including Aesalus Fabricius and Lucanobium squamosum n. gen., n. sp., from Venezuela.

The South, a Trade Partner?

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-158
Author(s):  
Stève Sainlaude
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
North American ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
The South ◽  
The Real ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Trade Partner

Europe’s dependency on North American cotton gave the South leverage. Once hostilities began, the Confederates hoped to inspire a diplomatic choice in their favour through economic pressure since France and Britain felt the effects of the “cotton famine.” The Tuileries cabinet tried to determine the origin of the shortage while assessing the real impact of the crisis on the workforce. Though it initially seemed that the North’s blockade of Southern ports was to blame, proof was uncovered that the cotton supply was being intentionally limited with the Southern leaders’ assent, with some Southern planters burning their cotton rather than see it fall into the hands of Northerners. The effects of the cotton crisis were less dramatic than first expected due to the existence of a cotton surplus in France right before the war, alternate suppliers outside Dixie, and the relatively low number of French workers who were directly dependent on cotton. France also did not lose sight of trade in wheat and other products with the states loyal to the Federal government. This concern for trade in the North explains why France, like the United Kingdom, confounded Southern expectations by not recognizing the Confederacy or otherwise intervening in the conflict.

North American Components of the Genus Diasemia of Authors (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Structural Study ◽  
North American ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New Combination ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
The Tropics

Work undertaken in connection with Mr. C. P. Kimball's projected list of Florida Lepidopera has revealed a number of problems in the North American species usually referred to Diasemia Hübner ([1824-25] p. 348), type Pyralis literalis Denis and Schiffermüller (=Phalaena litterata Scopoli) (Figs. 1, 2). A structural study shows that these species belong to five groups, generically distinct from one another and from the type species of Diasemia. Diasemia alaskalis Gibson (Fig. 3) is congeneric with Udea ferrugalis (Hübner) and should be known as Udea alaskalis (Gibson), new combination. I have characterized the genus Udea Guenée in an earlier paper (Munroe, 1950). Diasemia plumbosignalis Fernald (Fig. 10) and related species belong to the genus Choristostigma Warren, 1892: 440. The species of Choristostigma will be discussed in a separate publication. Diasemia magdalena Fernald and an undescribed species belong to the genus Daulia Walker (1859: 975) hitherto known from the tropics of the Old World and from Argentina. Hydrocampa ramburialis Duponchel and Desmia? janassialis Walker require new genera.

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTER ANALYSIS, CLASSIFICATION, AND HISTORY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CICINDELA SPLENDIDA HENTZ GROUP TAXA (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Aldo Schincariol ◽  
Richard Freitag
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Overlap ◽  
Dominant Soil ◽  
Central United States ◽  
American Resident ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peak Abundance

AbstractComparisons of selected biological attributes were made to establish a phylogenetic basis for the classification of the Cicindela splendida Hentz group taxa. Recognized members of the group, C. splendida, C. limbalis Klug, and C. denverensis Casey, are spring-fall species, and northern populations emerge later during spring than southern populations. Despite differences in time of peak abundance, the three species overlap in time and space. The absence of large numbers of hybrids of these three species suggests that although closely related, their adults can distinguish from each other, and thus their rank as species should be retained.Comparison of geographical distribution of these species with that of dominant soil types revealed that they had similar soil preferences. The geographical distribution of all three species was smaller than the range of their preferred soil types, probably because of the same factors that influence their local distributions.Morphometric analyses of these species revealed a closer similarity between C. splendida and C. limbalis. In both sexes elytral pattern, percentage maculation, elytral colour, and non-sensory setae number collectively distinguish these species from each other, whereas body measurements, body ratios, sensory setae, and labral setae collectively fail to distinguish them.Based on plesiomorph/apomorph character polarization, and the C. purpurea Olivier group as outgroup, it was determined that C. denverensis represents an early lineage of the C. splendida group, whereas C. splendida and C. limbalis are more recent sister species.The ancestor of the C. splendida group probably evolved during late stages of the Tertiary Period as a North American resident and was a continental, riparian, cool-temperate form that ranged across Canada and northeastern and central United States. Extant forms speciated during the late Pleistocene as a result of spatial fragmentation of populations, isolation, and adaptation during glacial and interglacial periods.

Origins of North American Biogeographic Affinities

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Graham
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
The North ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Bipolar Distribution ◽  
Imaginative Thinking ◽  
George Gaylord Simpson

An aspect of plant distribution that has intrigued biogeographers for over 200 years is the occurrence of similar biotas in widely separated regions. The North American flora has affinities with several such areas: the Mediterranean, the dry regions of South America, eastern Asia, and eastern Mexico. The origin of some patterns is relatively clear, while for others hypotheses are just now being formulated. During times when the dogma of permanence of continents and ocean basins held sway, explanations for these disjunctions required imaginative thinking that often bordered on the bizarre. The pendulum or schwingpolen hypothesis was offered to explain the perceived bipolar distribution of several taxa (Gnetum, Magnolia, Pinus section Taeda; Simroth, 1914). By this view, the Earth swings in space like a pendulum, creating regular fluctuations in environments and often causing the symmetrical placement of taxa at two points on opposite sides of the Earth. Other disjunctions were explained by casually placing geophysically impossible land bridges at any point in time between any two sites where the presence of similar communities seemed to call for land connections (see review in Simpson, 1943). The presence of teeth of Hipparion, an ungulate related to the horse, in Europe and South Carolina-Florida prompted French geologist Leonce Joleaud to propose a land bridge extending from Florida through the Antilles to North Africa and Spain. Subsequently, to accommodate eight new passengers, it was broadened to encompass the entire region from Maryland and Brazil across to France and Morocco and its life was prolonged to include virtually all of the Tertiary. With the later discovery that there were periodicities in similarity between Old World and New World Cenozoic faunas, the continents were envisioned as moving back and forth like an accordion. George Gaylord Simpson, who favored the North Atlantic land bridge to connect North America and Europe, was beside himself with these theories and characterized Joelaud’s as “the climax of all drift theories.” The bridge became well established in the literature even though it never existed in the Atlantic Ocean (Marvin, 1973). Udvardy (1969) plotted all the Cretaceous and Tertiary land bridges postulated for the South Pacific up to 1913.

CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDIES ON NEW WORLD SPECIES OF ANEMONE (SECTION ERIOCEPHALUS) WITH TUBEROUS ROOTSTOCKS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 899-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecily Joseph ◽  
Margaret Heimburger
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
New World ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
South American ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
South American Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
North And South

The American species of Anemone L. (section Eriocephalus Hook. f. & Thoms.) with tuberous rootstocks were studied by biosystematic methods. Anemone caroliniana Walt., A. heterophylla Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, A. tuberosa Rydb., and A. edwardsiana Tharp (tentatively) are recognized from North America and A. decapetala Ard., A. triternata Vahl, and A. cicutifolia Johnst. from South America. Karyotypes of the diploid species (2n = 16), A. heterophylla, A. tuberosa, A. decapetala, and A. triternata are described. They resemble the karyotype of A. caroliniana published earlier. Anemone edwardsiana and A. cicutifolia are also presumed diploid from stomatal and pollen grain studies. A new taxon (2n = 32), of undecided status, was obtained from Chile. North American plants included by authors in A. decapetala are here referred to A. heterophylla. The North and South American species appear to form two separate groups, the species of each continent being more closely related among themselves than to those of the other continent. Fewer stomata, larger chromosome size, and higher DNA content are characteristic of the North American species. Additional support for the separation of the two groups derives from limited meiotic studies which indicate a larger number of inversion differences in inter- than in intra-continental hybrids.

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