NOTES ON CERTAIN BUTTERFLIES, THEIR HABITS, ETC

1882 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
W. H. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
New Born ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
The Way

8. On Young Caterpillars Eating their Egg Shells.Mr. Scudder, Butterflies, p. 101, says, after describing the way in which the caterpillar eats out of the egg: “The taste he has gained of egg-shell seems to allure him; for, strange as it may seem, although placed by the provident parent within immediate reach of choice and succulent food, he will not taste it until he has devoured the last remmant of his prison-walls. Strange food this for a new born babe! The act, however, is plainly a provision of nature by which the tender animal is rid of a sure token to his enemies of his immediate proximity.” Surely here is an error in fact, and a wrong conclusion whatever the fact may be. I read the above statement on the 25th July last, and at once went to my garden to search for eggs of Libythea Bachmanni, on Hackberry leaves. The young caterpillars of this species are green, of a shade so near that of the leaves they feed on, that it is very difficult to discover them. Even where the tip of the leaf has been eaten, and their presence is suspected, it is easy to overlook them. I found at once three eggs and one young caterpillar. The egg from which this caterpillar had come was present at the base of the leaf on the extreme tip of which the little creature rested. A hole was in its side near the top, and no more had been eaten than just enough to permit egress.

scholarly journals Effect of barium loading on CaO derived from waste egg shell heterogeneous catalyst for canola oil biodiesel

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Jakkrapong Jitjamnong
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Egg Shell

The purpose of this research was to investigate the catalytic activity of Ba loading on calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst by varying the amount of barium added during the synthesis: 5-15 wt%. The waste egg shells were utilized as a CaO heterogeneous catalyst by calcined at 900 °C for 2 h. The Ba/CaO catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and were used as a catalyst in transesterification reaction of canola oil via microwave irradiation under microwave power 300 W. The characterization of catalyst and FAME composition of biodiesel were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and gas chromatography (GC-FID). The conditions of biodiesel production were operated at 60 °C, 3 wt% of catalyst loading, 9:1 methanol-to-canola oil ratio, and microwave irradiation power was 300W for 2 min. The experimental results found that, the waste egg shells consist mainly of CaCO3, which was decomposed to CaO more than 88 wt% after cacination step. The 15 wt% Ba/CaO catalysts exhibited the best catalytic performance with the FAME conversion higher than 97.68%.

scholarly journals A Histochemical Study of the Organic Matrix of Hen Egg-Shells

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
K. SIMKISS ◽  
C. TYLER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Acid Mucopolysaccharide ◽  
The Core ◽  
Spongy Layer ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Protein Portion ◽  
Hen Egg

A study of the organic material of the hen egg-shell has been made by the use of recognized histochemical techniques. It has been found that, in the so-called spongy layer of the shell, the organic matrix consists of a protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex. The organic material of the mammillary layer appears to be more concentrated in a central core, and is somewhat different in that it contains fat and a reducing substance. The protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex is a collagen-like material, but is probably not collagen itself because the protein portion is low in hydroxyproline and the acid mucopolysaccharide is most likely mucoitin and not chondroitin sulphuric acid. The results are discussed in relation to shell calcification and it is suggested that the protein / acid mucopolysaccharide complex is first firmly attached to the keratin of the membrane, but once this is accomplished it links on to material of its own kind. Calcification proceeds simultaneously, but near the points of contact with the membrane (i.e. in the core of each mammilla) calcification is not so intense as it is in the rest of the shell.

Studies of the Egg of Bacillus libanicus (Orthoptera, Phasmidae)

1950 ◽  
Vol s3-91 (14) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
A. MOSCONA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Initial Mineral

1. Weight, moisture content, and mineral content of freshly laid and of fully developed eggs of Bacillus libanicus (Uv.) were studied. During development of the embryo the egg-shell loses 19 per cent, of its initial mineral content, while the weight of mineral materials in the embryo increases correspondingly. 2. These changes can be explained only as resulting from transfer of minerals from the shell to the embryo. The mineral materials are derived from the calcium carbonate layer of the shell, which, owing to this loss, becomes thinner during embryonic development. 3. It is suggested that the mechanism of this transfer is based on the production of bicarbonate by the reaction of water and carbon dioxide, given off by the embryo, with the calcium carbonate of the shell. 4. Experimental calcium deficiency in the egg-shells results in a marked lowering of the viability of the embryos; although embryogenesis may sometimes proceed till the hatching stage, the few emerging nymphs survive only for a short time. 5. The possible occurrence of mineral transfer in other phasmid eggs is indicated.

The Possible Calcification Mechanisms in some Reptilian Egg-shells

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (52) ◽  
pp. 529-538
Author(s):  
K. SIMKISS ◽  
C. TYLER
Keyword(s):  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Acid Mucopolysaccharide ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Carboxylate Group ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Studies have been made of the organic matrix of certain reptilian egg-shells. The interaction between egg-shell-matrix and various metal ions has been considered by noting the effect of these ions on the staining of the matrix by toluidine blue. A comparison of the results with those for the hen indicates that the chelating mechanism in the Chelonia is similar to that in the hen, but that that in the Crocodilia is different. It is suggested that in the Crocodilia the acid mucopolysaccharide of the matrix is embedded in, but not combined with, the protein and that its chelating mechanism is carboxylate group to carboxylate group, while in the hen and Chelonia, the acid mucopolysaccharide is combined with the protein and that its chelating mechanism is carboxylate group to amino group.

Studies on the function of the oxyurid egg-shell

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Wharton
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Insect Eggs ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Syphacia Obvelata ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Aspiculuris Tetraptera

SUMMARYThe egg-shell of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi and Aspiculuris tetraptera reduces the rate of water loss from the egg when exposed to desiccation. Staining of the enclosed larva by acid fuchsin and the collapse of eggs exposed to desiccation indicate that the permeability barrier is heat labile. This suggests that the lipid layer is the main permeability barrie of the shell. The complex structure of the uterine layers has a similar morphology to the respiratory structures of the chorion of some insect eggs. Reflections from the shell, the rate of embryonic development under various conditions and the penetration of lead ions indicate that the shell does not trap a layer of air when immersed in water and the uterine layers cannot, therefore, function as a plastron network. Calculations indicate that if diffusion is limited to the pores in the external uterine layer, the area available for gaseous exchange is reduced by 85·5% in H. diesingi, 95·6% in A. tetraptera and 96·8% in Syphacia obvelata. It is suggested that the uterine layers of oxyurid egg-shells function in a similar fashion to the pores in bird egg-shells and the aeropyles in the chorion of insect egg-shells which do not possess plastron networks. These structures reduce water loss from the egg whilst ensuring an adequate supply of oxygen for embryonic development.

scholarly journals Detection of potential pathogenic aerobic bacteria from egg shell and egg contents of hen collected from poultry

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Jannatul Fardous ◽  
S.M Shamsuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Providencia Rettgeri ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria ◽  
Hen Egg

This study was done to identify different pathogenic aerobic bacteria from egg shell and egg contents of hen. Egg shells and egg contents of 150 eggs collected from poultry were tested. Of 150 egg shells, 130 (86.67%) yielded growth of bacteria and 60 (40%) Esch. coli, 25 (16.67%) Providencia rettgeri, 5 (3.33%) Providencia alkalifaciens, 20 (13.33%) Citrobacter freundii, 10 (6.67%) Salmonella spp, 10 (6.67%) Enterobacter aerogenes were isolated. No bacteria were isolated from 150 egg contents. Total 14 (9.33%) Salmonella spp. from egg shells and 7 (4.67%) Salmonella spp. from egg contents were identified by PCR. Most of the identified serotypes were Salmonella Enteritidis (42.86% from egg shells and 71.43% from egg contents). All (100%) Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone.

The tylenchid (Nematoda) egg shell: structure, composition and permeability

Parasitology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan F. Bird ◽  
M. A. McClure
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Rotylenchulus Reniformis ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Tylenchulus Semipenetrans ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Lipid Layers

SummaryThe fine structure of egg shells of four different genera belonging to the order Tylenchida has been examined. The species examined were Meloidogyne javanica, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Pratylenchus minyus. They are all similar in their basic structure, being composed of vitelline membrane, chitin and lipid layers, but there is considerable variability in the thickness of these layers.We have retained the conventional nomenclature because of its convenience, but it is clear that these layers have a variety of chemical components. However, they do appear to contain the compounds from which they take their name. Thus chitin occurs in the chitin layer, and lipid in the lipid layer. The latter is removed by the technique used in isolating the shell from the egg. Chemical analysis of the hydrolysis products of these shells has revealed a high (35 %) proline content which appears to be a characteristic of those nematode egg shells which have been examined so far. These analyses and treatment with enzymes indicate that the chitin layer is a chitin–protein complex.Experiments on the permeability of eggs of M. javanica at different temperatures indicate that changes in permeability are not due to the melting of a single lipid with a distinct melting point as had been thought in the past. We have found that Arrhenius activation energies calculated from the two slopes of an Arrhenius plot were 17·8 kcal/mol and 43·0 kcal/mol respectively, the transition from one to the other taking place at 62°C. We think that these changes are due to changes in the properties of lipoprotein membranes in the lipid layer. These membranes appear to be of paramount importance in controlling the permeability of the nematode egg shell.

The Treatment of Acid Copper-Containing Wastewater by Eggshell-Flyash System

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 967-970
Author(s):  
Tao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Calcination Temperature ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Good Treatment ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Application Prospects

Removal efficiency of heavy metal Cu from acid wastewater using egg shell as adsorbent was investigated. The influence of calcination temperature and dosage of egg shell, as well as pH value on the removal efficiency were discussed to obtain the optimum removal condition. The results show that the removal rate of lead would achieve the best result of 99.56% when we use the egg shells calcined at 400°C,2h, and the content of egg shells is 30g/L, pH=3.0.Using eggshells to treat acid chrome-containing wastewater is simple and easy to be operated, which has application prospects for the process and good treatment effect.

scholarly journals The Life History of Nematodirus filicollis Rud., a Nematode Parasite of the Sheep's Intestine

Parasitology ◽  
1915 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Boulenger
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Nematode Parasite ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Blood Temperature ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Infection Experiments

1. The eggs of Nematodirus filicollis when laid contain an embryo with seven or eight cells, they pass out of the infested host with the faeces.2. Even under favourable conditions development takes place slowly and the embryos are not ready to hatch until 24–28 days have elapsed. In their early stages the embryos are not able to withstand desiccation and are killed if frozen or subjected to high temperatures.3. Whilst still within the egg-shell the embryo undergoes two ecdyses and when ready to hatch is enclosed in a tightly fitting sheath formed by the incompletely cast skin of the second moult; the larvae on liberation from the egg-shell are therefore in a more advanced condition than those of most other Strongylids (e.g. Haemonchus or Anchylostoma) and are in a stage comparable with that reached by the latter at the end of their period of free existence.4. The sheathed larvae are often retained for a long time within the egg-shells and both in this position and after hatching can resist complete desiccation for considerable periods (twenty months or even longer); when dried they are able to withstand freezing as well as temperatures much above those likely to be met with in the open.5. The free larvae will live for a considerable time in water, they possess well-developed migratory instincts and climb vertical surfaces, such as grass stems and blades, and the glass walls of the vessels in which they are kept.6. The sheaths are cast off by the larvae when these are subjected to temperatures approximating to the blood-temperature of the host; completion of the second moult occasionally also takes place at laboratory temperatures under certain abnormal conditions.7. No infection experiments were made on sheep, but other evidence shows that these animals must become infected by swallowing the sheathed larvae, either when free or whilst still enclosed in the eggshells.8. A number of young stages of the parasite were met with in the intestines of sheep, the smallest of these being only little more advanced in structure than the larvae just after ecdysis.

scholarly journals The epidemiology and control ofSalmonella thompsoninfection of fowls

1947 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Buxton ◽  
R. F. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Blood Testing ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
The Common ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
And Control ◽  
Formaldehyde Vapour

The details are given of the epidemiology ofS. thompsoninfection in a flock of pullets which survived an outbreak of this disease when chicks, and also of a flock of adult birds suspected of being carriers of the organism. The results of blood testing and bacteriological examinations of cloacal swabs, random faecal samples and eggs from both flocks indicated that:(1) Many chicks which survived an outbreak ofS. thompsoncontinued to carry the organism for some months without showing any symptoms. In most cases the organism was harboured in the intestines and was excreted intermittently in the faeces. On one occasionS. thompsoninfected the gall bladder, and the bacilli were excreted in the faeces for at least 18 months after the outbreak had occurred.(2) The common method of egg infection was by the contamination of the shell with infected faeces. Under conditions of incubation the bacilli penetrated the egg shell and infected the yolk. Although there was little penetration of the organism under storage conditions, the bacilli on infected shells remained viable for at least 21 days.(3) The common methods of spreading infection in a hatchery were from:(a) The contact of infected and non-infected egg shells.(b) The handling of eggs before and during incubation.(c) The contact of egg shells with infected incubators.(d) The ingestion and inhalation of infected fluff and incubator debris at hatching time.(e) The ingestion of food and water contaminated with infected faeces from survivor chicks.For the control ofS. thompsoninfection in poultry, the following procedures have been recommended:(1) The production of agglutinins by carrier birds was not a reliable indication of infection. In known infected flocks, however, the detection of carriers by blood testing and by the examination of cloacal swabs is of value. For such a test an alcoholized antigen is preferable to a heat-treated broth antigen, and a titre of 1/20 or more should be regarded as an indication that a bird is infected.(2) Only clean eggs should be used for hatching. Dirty egg shells should be cleaned by scraping or brushing and not by wiping with a damp cloth.(3) Fertile eggs should be stored in a cool, dry atmosphere for as short a period as possible before incubation.(4) Eggs should be fumigated in the incubator with formaldehyde vapour, not later than 24 hr. after they have been set.We wish to record our appreciation of the assistance received from Mrs E. Sidery in the bacteriological examination of eggs and the preparation of agglutination tests.

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