Leaping behaviour and responses to moisture and sound in larvae of piophilid carrion flies

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Bonduriansky
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Prepupal Stage ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Surrounding Soil

AbstractObservations suggesting that mature larvae of some carrion flies (Piophilidae) tend to leap off carcasses during rain motivated an investigation of the ontogeny and possible functions of larval leaping behaviour and larval responses to two stimuli associated with rain: moisture and sound. These behaviours were investigated in larvae of Prochyliza xanthostoma Walker (Diptera: Piophilidae) by means of laboratory and field observations and experiments. Mature larvae left their feeding substrates (rotting meat) in response to either moisture or rattling sound. The response to moisture was exhibited also by immature larvae. Once on the carcass surface, however, only mature larvae leaped off and pupated in the surrounding soil. The response to sound and the ability to leap only appeared late in larval development and were lost in the prepupal stage. Because rain may facilitate larval locomotion on carcass surfaces, and leaping appears to represent a more rapid and efficient means of leaving a carcass than creeping, these responses may reduce the metabolic costs and predation risks experienced by mature larvae moving to pupation sites in the soil. Thus, the ability to leap and the responses to moisture and sound may represent “ontogenetic adaptations” associated with a brief stage of larval development.

scholarly journals Field observations and finite element 3-D analysis of soil displacements close to unsupported excavation

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 01029
Author(s):  
Ala Nasir Aljorany ◽  
Ghusoon Sadiq Al-Qaisee
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Lateral Displacements ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Soil displacements due to unsupported deep excavation may cause severe damages to the nearby structures and foundations systems. Such excavations affect the state of stresses and displacements field of the surrounding soil. In this study, the soil displacements at five observation points were continuously monitored for23 days, which was the time period of excavation of about 7 m deep open tunnel. The reference points were installed on the ground surface at horizontal distance ranging from 1.25 to 3.25 m from tunnel excavation edge. The construction work was related to the project of developing the Army Channel/ Zeyouna section in the Eastern part of Baghdad City. The field observations indicate upward vertical displacement and outward lateral displacements during the first 10 days when the excavation depth was within 4 m. After that, the displacement trend was generally reversed. The displacement values were within 12 mm and vary from one observation point to another depending on the lateral distance of each point from excavation edge. The finite element package PLAXIS 3D was used to simulate the problem after obtaining the required soil parameters by an extensive site investigation. The analysis results in general, compare well with the field observations in terms of soil displacements at the reference points, especially during the first 10 days. This finding may reveal the reliability of the analysis results at other locations in the surrounding soil.

Quantitative Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen von Vitamin B6 bei den drei Kasten der Honigbiene, Apis mellifera / Explorations on Quantity of Vitamine B6 in the three Castes of Honey-Bee Apis mellifera

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 956-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Hanser
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Prepupal Stage ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Dependent Change

Royal jelly contains a three fold higher concentration of vitamin B6 than the larval food for workers or drones (♀ = 20,59 μg,♀= 7,34 μg, ♂ = 7,23 μg pro g freshweight). Similar differences in the B6-concentrations are also observed in the three bee castes at corresponding developmental stages. The relatively high vitamin B6 concentration in the young larvae of all three castes decreases in the course of larval development before the prepupal stage. A seasonal dependent change in the Be values is shown in the worker jelly by the increase from 3,78 μg/g freshweight in May to 8,45 μg/g freshweight in July/August. The similarity in the vitamin B6 content in the larval food and in the bees of same age indicates the identity of the drone and worker jellies. The hypopharyngeal and post-cerebral glands of queen rearing nurse bees contain more vitamin B6 than the corresponding glands of normal nurse bees of the same age.

HEMOGRAMS OF SELECTED STAGES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary B. Dunphy ◽  
Richard A. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Granular Cells ◽  
Prepupal Stage ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
The Absolute

AbstractFive types of hemocytes (plasmatocytes, granular cells, spherule cells, oenocytoids, and prohemocytes) were identified in the larval, prepupal, and pupal stages of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Hemocyte numbers (total hemocyte counts and absolute hemocyte counts) increased during larval development. The absolute counts were greater in female larvae than in the male larvae during the fourth instar but were higher in the males during the fifth and sixth instars. Hemocyte numbers peaked in the prepupal stage in females and in the early pupal stage in males. The plasmatocytes and granular cells were the predominant hemocytes in both sexes. The plasmatocytes decreased and the granular cells increased throughout larval development of both sexes. There were more plasmatocytes in the males than in the females in all stages of development. There were more granular cells in the males than the females until the sixth instar when the reverse occurred.

On Methodology for Designing Architectural Lighting of Production Site Interior

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Voronov ◽  
Nikolay I. Shchepetkov
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Artificial Illumination ◽  
Engineering Parameters ◽  
Architectural Lighting ◽  
Candidate Thesis

The article describes content of original and relevant but virtually forgotten thesis of V.V. Voronov on lighting of production site interiors by means of overhead natural (using three types of skylights) and artificial illumination, in order to elaborate scientific methodology for architectural design of more qualitative luminous environment on the basis of comprehensive approach and enhanced criteria framework of its evaluation using light engineering parameters. The thesis is unique in terms of the scope and quality of field and laboratory observations which are reflected not only in the text but also in the graphical attachments, namely photos, figures, schemes, drawings, charts, nomograms, and diagrams accompanied by specific measured or calculated parameters. The first part of the thesis contains theoretical basics and results of field observations conducted by different methods. This second part is the exposition of chapter 3 of the V.V. Voronov’s candidate thesis (1985). It describes the methodology for and the results of the experiments by means of planar and volumetric light simulation using the architectural lighting simulating assembly (chamber) which were conducted in MARKHI in 1970–1985.

Concerning the Concept of Light-Colour Arrangement of the Urban Environment in the Central Part of Tyumen

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Nikolay I. Shchepetkov ◽  
Svetlana B. Kapeleva ◽  
Denis V. Bugaev ◽  
Gregory S. Matovnikov ◽  
Anna S. Kostareva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Design Solutions ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The City

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of outdoor lighting in the central part of Tyumen (with consideration of conducted field observations) and prospects of its development on the basis of the general plan of illumination of the central part of the city being under design. Main provisions of this general plan as well as methodological principles and assessment criteria of design solutions illustrat-ed by photographs, schemes and visualisations of the illuminated objects are described.

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