Pheromone content of azinphosmethyl-susceptible and -resistant obliquebanded leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as a function of time of day and female age

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf M. El-Sayed ◽  
R.M. Trimble
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Choristoneura Rosaceana ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Similar Variation ◽  
Tetradecenyl Acetate ◽  
Relative Attractiveness ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship

AbstractThe effect of time of day and age on the amounts and ratios of four pheromone compounds [(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac), (Z)-11-tetradecenol (Z11-14:OH), and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Al)] was compared in azinphosmethyl-susceptible (susceptible) and -resistant (resistant) female obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). The amounts of all four pheromone compounds varied during the hour before and five hours after the onset of scotophase. The glands of resistant females contained approximately one half the amount of Z11-14:Ac and Z11-14:OH as the glands of susceptible females during the second and third hours of scotophase, and between 50 and 70% as much Z11-14:Al as the glands of susceptible females during the hour before and second to fourth hours of scotophase. The glands of susceptible and resistant females contained similar amounts of E11-14:Ac. The relative amounts of each of the four pheromone compounds were affected by time of day but not by resistance status. There was a negative linear relationship between the amounts of each of the four compounds and female age in both types of females. The amounts of Z11-14:Ac and E11-14:Ac declined at similar rates with age in susceptible and resistant females; the amounts of Z11-14:OH and Z11-14:Al declined more rapidly with age in susceptible than in resistant females. The relative amounts of the four compounds were not affected by female age. Temporal variation in the relative amounts of pheromone in susceptible and resistant C. rosaceana may be associated with similar variation in the emission of pheromone and corresponding temporal variation in the relative attractiveness of the two types of females.

Influence of Light on Fruit Set of French Hybrid Grapes

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 510f-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
S.J. McArtney ◽  
D.M. Scurlock
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Reduced Light ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Four French–American hybrid grape cultivars grown in a greenhouse were subjected to 5 days of 80% shade at four different times around bloom. Fruit set of `Seyval' was reduced by shade imposed before, during, or immediately after bloom. `Vidal' and `Chambourcin' were less sensitive, with fruit set reduced only by shade at bloom. Shade had little effect on fruit set of `DeChaunac'. In a second study, `Chambourcin' vines were exposed to ambient, ambient plus supplemental lights, and 30%, 50%, or 80% shade for 5 weeks beginning just prior to bloom. Fruit set was positively related to light intensity. At harvest, soluble solids, pH, and hue angle had a negative linear relationship to light level. Fruit color developed earliest and most rapidly with the reduced light treatments applied at bloom. Cluster weight was positively related to light intensity.

scholarly journals In maintenance hemodialysis patients, there were “U-shaped” relationships between serum albumin level and mortality or hospitalization, negative linear relationship between serum albumin level and hospitalization for infection.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Jia ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Xue Wang ◽  
Xianglei Kong ◽  
Juan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Serum Albumin Level ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Linear Association ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship

Abstract Background: Few studies are available on the non-linear association between serum albumin (S-Alb) level and prognosis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods: All stable MHD patients treated in our center from 2007 to 2011 were enrolled into this study. Demographics, laboratory data, hospitalization and mortality were collected; Cox regressive models were fitted to investigate predicting outcomes, restricted cubic splines (RCS) were allowing for non-linear association between S-Alb and prognosis. Results: S-Alb was independent protective factor for mortality, all-cause hospitalization, hospitalization for cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease and hospitalization for infection. The relationships between S-Alb and mortality, all-cause hospitalization, hospitalization for cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease were U-shaped; relationships between S-Alb and hospitalization for infection were negative linear relationships both in univariable Cox regression models and in multivariable Cox regression. Conclusions: In MHD population, there were “U-shaped” relationships between serum albumin level and mortality or hospitalization; the potential risks associated with excessive S-Alb should been taken into consideration. There was negative linear relationship between S-Alb and hospitalization for infection, S-Alb may be even more important in preventing infection in MHD population.

scholarly journals Effects of PET Fibers on Pumpability, Shootability, and Mechanical Properties of Wet-Mix Shotcrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangfei Cui ◽  
Guoming Liu ◽  
Cheng-long Wang ◽  
Yudong Qi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
Pet Fibers ◽  
Change Trend ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber from waste plastic bottles is an environmentally friendly fiber that can improve the mechanical properties of wet-mix shotcrete. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of PET fiber parameters on pumpability, shootability, and mechanical properties of wet-mix shotcrete. For this purpose, the orthogonal test based on three factors and three levels was conducted. The width, length, and content of PET fiber were selected as the experimental variables. The tests of wet-mix shotcrete reinforced by PET fibers were carried out, along with properties tests such as slump, pressure drop, build-up thickness, compressive strength, and splitting strength. The results showed the change trend of shotcrete performances with increasing PET fiber parameters (width, length, and content). According to the orthogonal test, PET fiber parameters were determined (1 mm width, 20 mm length, and 5 kg/m3 content). Furthermore, relationships between slump and pumpability and shootability were explored, as well as the relationships between pumpability, shootability, and mechanical properties. It was found that pressure drop and compressive strength had the strongest negative linear relationship among all fitting relationships. We hoped that this study could contribute the useful information for the application of wet-mix shotcrete mixed with PET fibers.

Effect of certain monounsaturated dodecene and tetradecene acetates and alcohols on electroantennogram response and pheromone-mediated trap catch of the obliquebanded leafroller

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Trimble ◽  
Ashraf M. El-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Choristoneura Rosaceana ◽  
Inhibiting Activity ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Obliquebanded Leafroller ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Tetradecenyl Acetate ◽  
Pheromone Compound ◽  
Attraction Inhibitor ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe effect of certain monounsaturated dodecene and tetradecene acetates and alcohols on electroantennogram (EAG) response and pheromone-mediated trap catch was examined in male obliquebanded leafroller moths, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The stimulation of antennae with 0.1 ng of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), the major pheromone compound of this species, elicited an EAG response. The use of 1 ng of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac) or (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (E9-14:Ac) or 10 ng of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac) or (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:Ac) was required to elicit a response. One hundred nanograms of (E)-9-tetradecenol (E9-14:OH) were required to elicit a response from antennae. The stimulation of antennae with up to 100 ng of (Z)-9-tetradecenol (Z9-14:OH) did not elicit a response. The addition of 0.1 mg of Z9-12:Ac to 1 mg of synthetic C. rosaceana pheromone consisting of a 100:2:1.5:1 blend of Z11-14:Ac, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenol, and (Z)-11-tetradecenal reduced the capture of moths in pheromone-baited traps by more than 72%. Trap catch was reduced by more than 90% by the addition of 0.01 mg of Z9-14:Ac or E9-14:Ac to 1 mg of C. rosaceana pheromone. There was no detectable reduction in trap catch when 1 mg of E9-12:Ac, Z9-14:OH, or E9-14:OH was added to 1 mg of C. rosaceana pheromone. There was a greater than 95% reduction in trap catch when sources of Z9- or E9-12:Ac were mounted at the entrances to traps, 10 cm from the pheromone source. Trap catch was not affected by placing sources of Z9- or E9-14:Ac at trap entrances. Four 1 or 10 mg sources of E9-14:Ac placed 1 m from a trap did not affect the number of male C. rosaceana captured. The study demonstrates that although a compound may have profound attraction inhibiting activity when mixed directly with C. rosaceana pheromone, this activity may be lost if the inhibitor is emitted a short distance from the pheromone. The study also demonstrates that a potent attraction inhibitor such as E9-14:Ac does not repel C. rosaceana males and must be present along with pheromone to affect the behavior of this species.

Flipd App Reduces Cellular Phone Distractions in the Traditional College Classroom: Implications for Enriched Discussions and Student Retention

2020 ◽  
pp. 152102512092134
Author(s):  
Lorenz S. Neuwirth
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Student Retention ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Student Attrition ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
Attendance Rates ◽  
Student Attendance ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship

Cellular phone distractions inhibit faculty delivering and students learning the curriculum by reducing student attendance and active engagement. Arguably, cellular phone usage during precious class times can be a risk factor for student attrition, but scarce solutions have been offered to address this problem in colleges. The Flipd App, a cellular phone distraction reduction technology was tested on 266 college students. The results showed a positive linear relationship between usage and attendance rates and a negative linear relationship between usage and ≥ 3 absence rates, and ∼10% of students resisted its use. The Flipd App may serve as a predictive educational intervention tool that increases active learning, reduces attrition, and increases retention. It may be useful in classes with less hands-on activities to reduce distractions and increase active student engagement. The Flipd App may prove useful in helping college students curb their screen time habits from the Fear of Missing Out to the Joy of Missing Out.

Colorimetric Assessment of Pod Disease in Peanuts: Comparison with Visual Methods and Efficacy of Use in Selection1

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Gregory B. Parker ◽  
Olin D. Smith ◽  
W. James Grichar
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Pythium Myriotylum ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship

Abstract Colorimetry was evaluated as a method to assess pod disease in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused primarily by Pythium myriotylum Drechs., Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Data analyzed were from nineteen replicated tests conducted from 1982 to 1987, exclusive of 1985, in three South Texas locations. Each plot was scored for pod disease colorimetrically and visually. A negative linear relationship (R2>96%) was found between Hunter color values (L and b) and percent infection measured visually for samples hand selected to approximate eleven disease levels varying from 0-100%. Variability among readings was less at extremes of infection. Correlation both between visual ratings and between visual and colorimetric ratings was affected by soil differences, pathogens infecting the pods, pod genotype, and level of infection present. Correlation among visual raters was generally higher than that between color value ratings. Two-thirds of the lines in these tests classified visually as being in the best 50% for pod disease were also in the best 50% according to colorimetric scores. Use of colorimetry in conjunction with a single visual rating was estimated to increase efficiency and reduce costs of evaluation compared to multiple visual ratings.

Modification of the sex-pheromone communication system associated with organophosphorus-insecticide resistance in the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 867-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf M. El-Sayed ◽  
H.M. Fraser ◽  
R.M. Trimble
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Flight Tunnel ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Choristoneura Rosaceana ◽  
Pheromone Communication ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Tetradecenyl Acetate ◽  
Pheromone Communication System

AbstractThe pheromone communication systems of azinphosmethyl-susceptible (susceptible) and azinphosmethyl-resistant (resistant) obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), from the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario, were compared in the laboratory and field. The pheromone glands of resistant females contained approximately one-half as much (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), (Z)-11-tetradecenol (Z11-14:OH), and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Al) as the glands of susceptible females. A similar amount of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac) was found in the glands of the two types of females. The pheromone effluvium from resistant females contained approximately one-half as much Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, and Z11-14:Al as the effluvium from susceptible females. The onset and duration of female calling and the effect of age on calling were similar in susceptible and resistant C. rosaceana. In an apple orchard, traps baited with resistant females captured approximately one-half as many marked and released susceptible and resistant males as traps baited with susceptible females. There was no difference in the response of antennae from susceptible and resistant males to synthetic Z11-14:Ac and E11-14:Ac. The antennae of resistant males were less sensitive to Z11-14:OH and Z11-14:Al than the antennae of susceptible males. In a flight tunnel, pheromone-gland extracts from susceptible and resistant females, and calling susceptible and resistant females, were equally attractive to both susceptible and resistant males. In an apple orchard, the rate of capture of marked and released susceptible males was greater than that of resistant males in traps baited with susceptible females, but not in traps baited with resistant females or in traps baited with synthetic pheromone. The reduced ability to locate virgin females suggests that the presence of resistant males in an apple orchard may result in a reduction in the capture of moths in pheromone-baited traps. The reduction in trap catch was likely not caused by resistant females because they were less attractive to males than susceptible females and would therefore, in theory, compete less with traps for males than susceptible females. The differences observed in the pheromone communication systems of susceptible and resistant C. rosaceana are likely pleotropic effects associated with the selection for insecticide resistance.

Chemical identification and behavioral activity of (Z)-11-tetradecenal in an eastern North American population of the obliquebanded leafroller

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf M. El-Sayed ◽  
H.M. Fraser ◽  
R.M. Trimble
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Field Trapping ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
North American Population ◽  
Choristoneura Rosaceana ◽  
American Population ◽  
Obliquebanded Leafroller ◽  
Tetradecenyl Acetate ◽  
Average Total Number ◽  
Main Component

AbstractThe sex pheromone of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), from the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, was investigated using chemical analysis, GC–EAD, and field trapping experiments. The pheromone gland contained: (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac), (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH), and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Al). The average amounts of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, andZ11-14:Al were 40.40, 0.83, 0.47, and 0.13 ng/female, respectively. Eight other structurally related compounds, (E)-11-tetradecenal (E11-14:Al), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14:OH), pentadecan-2-one (15-2kt), hexadecanal (16:Al), hexadecan-1-ol (16:OH), heptadecan-2-one (17-2kt), octadecanal (18:Al), and octadecyl acetate (18:Ac), were also identified. In a field trapping experiment, adding Z11-14:Al to lures containing a 100:3:5 blend of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, and Z11-14:OH in an amount equal to 2% of the main component significantly increased the number of moths captured in apple, Malus domestica (Borkh.) (Rosaceae), orchards. The removal of Z11-14:Al from lures containing a 100:2:1.5:1 blend of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, and Z11-14:Al resulted in a > 50% reduction in the average total number of moths captured in a trap. This study provides the first evidence that Z11-14:Al is present in the pheromone of an eastern North American population of C. rosaceana.

scholarly journals Use of a high resolution magnetic map by a short distance migrant, the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris)?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Diego-Rasilla ◽  
John B. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Magnetic Compass ◽  
Diffuse Illumination ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Testing Site ◽  
Alpine Newt ◽  
A Site ◽  
Ichthyosaura Alpestris

Newts can use spatial variation in the magnetic field (MF) to derive geographic position, but it is unclear how they detect the ‘spatial signal’ which, over the distances that newts move in a day, is an order of magnitude lower than temporal variation in the MF. Newts take map readings using their light-dependent magnetic compass to align a magnetite-based ‘map detector’ relative to the MF. Time-of-day, location, and light exposure (required by the magnetic compass) were varied to determine when newts obtain map information. Newts were displaced from breeding ponds without access to route-based cues to sites where they were held and/or tested under diffuse natural illumination. We found that: (1) newts held overnight at the testing site under diffuse illumination exhibited accurate homing orientation, but not if transported to the testing site on the day of testing, (2) newts held overnight under diffuse lighting at a ‘false testing site’ and then tested at a site located in a different direction from their home pond, oriented in the home direction from the holding site, not from the site where they were tested, (3) newts held overnight in total darkness (except for light exposure for specific periods) only exhibited homing orientation the following day if exposed to diffuse illumination during the preceding evening twilight in the ambient MF. These findings demonstrate that, to determine the home direction, newts require access to light and the ambient MF during evening twilight when temporal variation in the MF is minimal.

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