Interaction of photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of prediapause development in the spotted tentiform leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-253
Author(s):  
R.M. Trimble
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Environment Canada ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
Phyllonorycter Blancardella

The spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), overwinters in a photoperiodically induced state of pupal diapause. The critical day length (50% of leafminers enter diapause) for P. blancardella from latitudes of about 42–44°N in southwestern Ontario was 14.25 h at an average August temperature (Environment Canada 1993) of 20°C (Trimble 1994). The development time of actively growing larvae decreased with increased temperature, whereas the development time of diapause-destined larvae was not affected by temperature at the critical day length, suggesting a strong interaction between photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of prediapause development (Trimble 1994). This paper describes the interaction of photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of the rate of egg and larval development of diapausedestined leafminers in the laboratory and in semi-natural conditions.

Effect of photoperiod and temperature on the intensity of pupal diapause in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Chen ◽  
Qin-Wen Xia ◽  
Shu Fu ◽  
Xian-Fu Wu ◽  
Fang-Sen Xue
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Cotton Bollworm ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Rearing Temperature ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
Diapause Development

AbstractThe intensity of pupal diapause in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was investigated under both laboratory and natural conditions. By transferring diapausing pupae induced under LD 11:13, LD 12:12 and LD 13:11 at 20, 22 and 25 °C to 25 °C combined with LD 15:9 to terminate diapause the rearing day length of 11 h evoked greater intensity of diapause than did 12 and 13 h at 25 °C; whereas the rearing temperature of 25 °C evoked more intense diapause than did 20 and 22 °C under LD 11:13. By transferring diapausing pupae induced under LD 12:12 at 20 and 22 °C to six temperatures of 18, 20, 22, 25, 28 and 31 °C combined with LD 15:9 to terminate diapause, the duration of diapause was significantly shortened from 146 days at 18 °C to 24 days at 31 °C, showing that high temperatures significantly accelerate diapause development. Furthermore, the duration of diapause was significantly longer at the rearing temperature of 22 °C than that at 20 °C when the diapause-terminating temperatures were 20 and 22 °C. Chilling at 5 °C did not shorten the duration of diapause but lengthened it when chilling period was included. However, chilling plays an important role in synchronizing adult emergence. Rearing temperature of 22 °C also evoked more intense diapause than did 20 °C in most chilling treatments. When the overwintering pupae were transferred at different times from natural temperatures to 25 °C, it was found that the earlier the transfer took place, the earlier the adults emerged when the time spent under natural conditions was included. However, cool temperatures before March showed an enhanced effect on diapause development at 20 °C, suggesting that the high diapause-terminating temperature can offset the effect of chilling on diapause development. The result of diapause termination under natural conditions suggests that the developmental threshold for post-diapause development in H. armigera should be around 17.5 °C.

Colonization patterns and life-history dynamics of Culex mosquitoes in artificial ponds of different character

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 568-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dudley Williams ◽  
Annette Tavares-Cromar ◽  
Donn J. Kushner ◽  
John R. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Artificial Ponds

The relationship between the biology and habitat of larval mosquitoes was studied in a series of artificial ponds of differing characteristics established across a terrestrial vegetation gradient from open fields to deep woods. The ponds were uniformly colonized by two widespread species of Culex, both characteristic of small bodies of water, including artificial, "container" habitats. First-instar larvae of Culex restuans were found within 2 days of filling the ponds with water and four or five generations were produced from May until the end of September. One very long generation occurred in July, which corresponded to maximum larval densities. Overall, there was a strong relationship between larval development time of C. restuans and larval density. A few larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens occurred sporadically throughout the summer, but numbers did not increase until C. restuans populations began to wane in late July. Thereafter two, or possibly three, generations were produced into the autumn. The patterns of colonization, synchrony of life history, and growth of these two species were remarkably consistent amongst the ponds, despite considerable variation in both their physical and biological environments (e.g., over the 2 years of study, conductivity ranged from 20 to 890 μS, pH from 6.4 to 10.7, dissolved oxygen from 0 to 13.5 ppm, and water temperature from 5 to 29.8 °C). Density of C. restuans was related to water temperature and pH at the "open" site and to water temperature, dissolved oxygen, percent algae, and percent detritus at the "edge of the woods" site. At the "deep woods" site, larval numbers were related to temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. At both the edge and deep wood sites, larval development time of C. restuans increased with mean water temperature to 20 °C. Above this temperature, larval development time tended to decrease.

The influence of temperature on the succession of redial and cercarial generations of Fasciola gigantica in a snail host

Parasitology ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Dinnik ◽  
N. N. Diknik
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Cercarial Production ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

Experiments on the larval development of Fasciola gigantica carried out under natural conditions have shown that at temperatures of 16° C. or less the rediae did not produce cercariae. The first-generation rediae, developed from the sporocyst, and all the rediae of subsequent generations produced only daughter rediae and did not change over to the production of cercariae as long as the low temperatures of the cold season lasted.As soon as the cold season ended and the temperature of the water in the aquaria containing the infected snails rose to a mean maximum of 20° C. all the rediae switched from redial to cercarial production.

scholarly journals Fitness cost of insecticide resistance on the life-traits of a Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Diane Leslie Nkahe ◽  
Edmond Kopya ◽  
Borel Djiappi-Tchamen ◽  
Wilson Toussile ◽  
Nadege Sonhafouo-Chiana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Life Traits ◽  
The City

Background: Pyrethroid resistance is rapidly expanding in An. gambiae s.l. populations across Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet there is still not enough information on the fitness cost of insecticide resistance . In the present study, the fitness cost of insecticide resistance on Anopheles coluzzii population from the city of Yaoundé was investigated.  Methods: A resistant An. coluzzii colony was established from field collected mosquitoes resistant to both DDT and pyrethroid and selected for 12 generations with deltamethrin 0.05%. The Ngousso laboratory susceptible strain was used as control. A total of 100 females of each strain were blood fed and allowed for individual eggs laying, and then different life traits parameters such as fecundity, fertility, larval development time, emergence rate and longevity were measured. The TaqMan assay was used to screen for the presence of the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations. Results:  Field collected mosquitoes from the F0 generation had a mortality rate of 2.05% for DDT, 34.16% for permethrin and 50.23% for deltamethrin. The mortality rate of the F12 generation was 30.48% for deltamethrin, 1.25% for permethrin  and 0% for DDT. The number of eggs laid per female was lower in the resistant colony compared to the susceptible (p <0.0001). Insecticide resistant larvae were found with a significantly long larval development time (10.61±0.33 days) compare to susceptible (7.57±0.35 days). The number of emerging females was significantly high in the susceptible group compared to the resistant . The adults lifespan was also significantly high for susceptible (21.73±1.19 days) compared to resistant (14.63±0.68 days). Only the L1014F-kdr allele was detected in resistant population.. Conclusion: The study suggests that pyrethroid resistance is likely associated with a high fitness cost on An.coluzzii populations. The addition of new tools targeting specifically larval stages could improve malaria vectors control and insecticide resistance management.

scholarly journals A walk on the wild side: gut bacteria fed to mass-reared larvae of Queensland fruit fly [Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)] influence development

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Alexander Shuttleworth ◽  
Mohammed Abul Monjur Khan ◽  
Terrence Osborne ◽  
Damian Collins ◽  
Mukesh Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Bactrocera Tryoni ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Flight Ability ◽  
Adult Eclosion

Abstract Background The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera, Tephritidae) is the most significant insect pest of Australian horticulture. Bactrocera tryoni is controlled using a range of tools including the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). Mass-rearing and irradiation of pupae in SIT can reduce the fitness and quality of the released sterile insects. Studies have also showed reduced microbial gut diversity in domesticated versus wild tephritids. Results Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of the bacterial isolates in the mid-gut of mass-reared larvae, and plate counts from individual larval guts showed increased numbers of bacteria in supplemented larvae. Several developmental and fitness parameters were tested including larval development time (egg-hatch to pupation), pupal weight, emergence, flight ability, sex-ratio, and time to adult eclosion (egg-hatch to adult eclosion). Enterobacter sp. and Asaia sp. shortened larval development time, while this was delayed by Lactobacillus sp., Leuconostoc sp. and a blend of all four bacteria. The mean time from egg hatch to adult eclosion was significantly reduced by Leuconostoc sp. and the blend for males and females, indicating that the individual bacterium and consortium affect flies differently depending on the life stage (larval or pupal). There was no impact of bacterial supplemented larvae on pupal weight, emergence, flight ability, or sex ratio. Conclusions Our findings show that bacteria fed to the larval stage of B. tryoni can impart fitness advantages, but the selection of probiotic strains (individual or a consortium) is key, as each have varying effects on the host. Bacteria added to the larval diet particularly Leuconostoc sp. and the blend have the capacity to reduce costs and increase the number of flies produced in mass-rearing facilities by reducing time to adult eclosion by 1.3 and 0.8 mean days for males, and 1.2 and 0.8 mean days for females.

scholarly journals Influence of parasitoid Paravilla sp. (Diptera, Bombyliidae) on the development of larvae of Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Lucimara Modesto Nonato ◽  
Gustavo Graciolli ◽  
Tatiane Do Nascimento Lima
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Adult Sex Ratio ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Host Death ◽  
Antlion Larvae

Parasitoids manipulate the host metabolism for their own benefit by influencing its development and the direct or indirect result of it is the host death. This study aimed to observe the influence of parasitoidism of Paravilla sp. (Diptera, Bombyliidae) on the development of antlion larvae Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae). The specific objectives were to verify in which larval instars the parasitoid oviposition occurs, the influence of the parasitoid on the larval and pupal development time of M. brasiliensis, the differences in body length of the antlion larvae, as well as of the sex ratio of M. brasiliensis adults. For this, the larvae were differentiated in 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar and measures on body length (head-abdomen) and accompanied until the emergence of the adult. It was observed that the parasitoid Paravilla sp. attacked only the 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. The parasitoid Paravilla sp. oviposited only in 2nd and 3rd instars larvae. No significant differences were observed on larval development time, in the larval body length and in the adult sex ratio between groups of parasitized and non-parasitized M. brasiliensis larvae, however, was observed differences in the pupal development time of these two groups. Thus, we can conclude that the parasitoid Paravilla sp. influences the development time of M. brasiliensis pupal.

An optimal feeding strategy for black soldier fly larvae biomass production and faecal sludge reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Nyakeri ◽  
M.A. Ayieko ◽  
F.A. Amimo ◽  
H. Salum ◽  
H.J.O. Ogola
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Faecal Sludge

The dual roles of efficient degradation and bioconversion of a wide range of organic wastes into valuable animal protein and organic fertiliser, has led to increased interest in black soldier fly (BSF) technology as a highly promising tool for sustainable waste management and alternative protein production. The current study investigated the potential application of BSF technology in the valorisation of faecal sludge (FS), a common organic waste in the urban informal settlements in low and middle-income countries. We evaluated the effect of different feeding rates (100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/larva/day), different feeding regimen and supplementation with other waste feedstock (food remains, FR; brewers waste, BW; and banana peelings, BP) on BSF larvae (BSFL) growth rates/yield and FS reduction efficiency. Results showed significantly (P<0.01) higher prepupal yield (179±3.3 and 190±1.2 g) and shorter larval development time (16.7 and 15 days) when reared on 200 and 250 mg/larva/day FS, respectively. However, different feeding regimes of FS did not significantly affect larval growth rate and prepupal yield (P=0.56). Supplementation of FS with other organic substrates resulted in significantly increased BSFL biomass production and substrate reduction, and shortened larval development time; with the effect was more pronounced when FS was supplemented with FR and at 30% supplementation. Protein:fat ratios for BSFL reared on FS, FS:FR, FS:BW were significantly (P<0.05) higher (2.51, 2.53, and 2.44, respectively) compared to FS:BP mixture (1.99). These results demonstrated that supplementation of FS with locally available organic waste can be used to improve its suitability as feedstock for BSF production and organic waste bioremediation from the environment. In conclusion, a daily feeding strategy of substrate containing FS supplemented with 30% organic waste co-substrate at feeding rate of 200 mg/larva/day can be used as a guideline for BSFL mass production and bioremediation of FS both at small- and large-scale level.

MicroRNA-14 regulates larval development time in Bombyx mori

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulian Liu ◽  
Lin Ling ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
Baosheng Zeng ◽  
Yongping Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Development Time

scholarly journals Effect of energetic cost to maintain the trap for Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) in its development and adult size

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Lima ◽  
D. C. R. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Plastic Containers

Abstract Antlion larvae Myrmeleon brasiliensis Návas, 1914 (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) are sit-and-wait predators who build traps to catch their prey. The aim of this study was to observe under laboratory conditions, how the energy cost spent on maintenance of their traps affects: the larval developmental time, time spent as a pupa, mortality rate of larvae and adult size. M. brasiliensis larvae were collected in the municipality of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil and were individually maintained in plastic containers and subjected to two treatments. In the control treatment larvae did not have their traps disturbed while in the manipulated treatment, larvae had their traps disturbed three times a week. The experiments were followed until adult emergence. When the adults emerged, their body size (head-abdomen), anterior and posterior wing span and width were measured. Furthermore, the number of larvae that died during the experiment was recorded. The results showed that the larvae whose traps were manipulated had longer larval development time, smaller pupal development time and were smaller adults. It can be concluded that the energy expenditure spent on maintenance of the trap constructed by M. brasiliensis larvae can affect the development of negative ways, represented by a longer larval development and reduced adult size.

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