TOWARDS PHEROMONE-BASED DETECTION OF LYMANTRIA MONACHA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Morewood ◽  
G. Gries ◽  
D. Häußler ◽  
K. Möller ◽  
J. Liska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Lymantria Monacha ◽  
Volatile Blend ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Nun Moth ◽  
Northeastern Germany

AbstractThe research objective of this study was to develop a pheromone-based detection system for the nun moth, Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus), an important defoliator of spruce, Picea A. Dietrich, and pine, Pinus Linnaeus (Pinaceae), forests in central Europe. In northeastern Germany, comparative analyses of rubber- and polyurethane-based dispensers impregnated with a 20:20:1 blend of (±)-disparlure (cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane), (±)-monachalure (cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane), and 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene revealed that polyurethane-based dispensers afforded higher captures of male L. monacha. Species specificity and optimal dose of the pheromone dispenser were tested in deciduous rather than coniferous forests in central Europe to better reflect nonhabitat settings, such as North American ports, in which detection surveys would be conducted. Baiting Unitraps with 2, 20, 200, or 2000 μg [based on (±)-disparlure] of the L. monacha volatile blend resulted in increasing, species-specific captures of male L. monacha with increasing volatile dose. (±)-Disparlure, previously used for detection of L. monacha, tested at the same four doses indiscriminately attracted male L. monacha and male Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus). Polyurethane-based dispensers loaded with at least 200 μg of the L. monacha volatile blend are recommended for sensitive detection surveys of L. monacha in North America.

PHEROMONE BLEND ATTRACTS NUN MOTH, LYMANTRIA MONACHA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), IN JAPAN

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Gries ◽  
Regine Gries ◽  
Paul W. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Lymantria Monacha ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Nun Moth ◽  
Pheromone Blend

The nun moth (NM), Lymantria monacha (L.), is one of the most important defoliators of coniferous forests in Eurasia (Bejer 1988). It was reportedly established near Brooklyn, New York (Holland 1941), but according to Ferguson (1978) “either the report was wrong or monacha did not persist, as there is no evidence of its presence now.” The potential entry of NM to North America poses a severe threat to the vitality, biodiversity, and stability of coniferous forests. The economic and environmental costs of existing exotics and the potential entry of new ones, such as NM, justify proactive management and heightened international quarantine efforts.Recent identification of an attractive and species-specific pheromone blend in NM from the Czech Republic (Grant et al. 1996; Gries et al. 1996) provides the opportunity to develop pheromone-based NM detection surveys in North America. However, as has been demonstrated for other moth species (Klun et al. 1975; Thompson et al. 1991; Tóth et al. 1992), pheromone blends of geographically wide ranging species, such as NM, may be regionally specific. Therefore, attraction of Asian NM males to the European NM pheromone blend needed to be tested.

scholarly journals Geburtsverhalten und Kälberaufzucht beim Bison (<i>Bison bison</i>) in landwirtschaftlicher Haltung

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-173
Author(s):  
T. Haßpacher ◽  
H. H. Sambraus
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Natural Reproduction ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

Abstract. Title of the paper: Parturient behaviour and raising of calves in bison (Bison bison) kept on farms The American Bison (Bison bison) is getting an increasing economical importance in Europe. Currently approx. 600 individuals of this species are kept on farms in Germany. There is little known if Bison can be kept species specific in Central Europe. In two bison herds with 52 respectively eight cows kept in Bavaria some behavioural aspects were examined, especially the calving and suckling behaviour. The behavioural observations were carried out during a period from spring to autumn, some days per week and each day from dawn till dusk. The calving lasted averagely 2 h (n = 19). 11 cows stood up within 1 min p.p.. The calves could stand after 20 min on average and had found the udder within half an hour p.p.. The number of suckling acts decreased from 1,7 per hour from the day of birth to as little as 0,2 times per hour in the 7th month. The duration of an individual suckling process increased to an average of 6 min in week 5 to 6 and then decreased to 4 min averagely in the 7th month. As bisons are still underlying a natural reproduction rhythm (calving almost only from May to July) damage to the calves as a result of unfavourable climatic conditions is not to be expected. The bison behaviour observed agreed mainly with that described in the literature for bison living in North America, despite smaller paddocks, more intense management and different ecosystems. Concerning the studied aspects, there is nothing that tells against keeping these animals, which originally come from another continent, under the described keeping conditions in Germany.

scholarly journals Inter- and Intra-Continental Genetic Variation in the Generalist Conifer Wood Saprobic Fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
Francesco Dovana ◽  
Paolo Gonthier ◽  
Matteo Garbelotto
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
North American ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Conifer Wood

Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich is a well-known generalist conifer wood saprobe and a biocontrol fungus used in several world countries to prevent stump infection by tree pathogenic Heterobasidion fungal species. Previous studies have reported the presence of regional and continental genetic differentiation in host-specific fungi, but the presence of such differentiation for generalist wood saprobes such as P. gigantea has not been often studied or demonstrated. Additionally, little information exists on the distribution of this fungus in western North America. The main purposes of this study were: (I) to assess the presence of P. gigantea in California, (II) to explore the genetic variability of P. gigantea at the intra and inter-continental levels and (III) to analyze the phylogeographic relationships between American and European populations. Seven loci (nrITS, ML5–ML6, ATP6, RPB1, RPB2, GPD and TEF1-α) from 26 isolates of P. gigantea from coniferous forests in diverse geographic distribution and from different hosts were analyzed in this study together with 45 GenBank sequences. One hundred seventy-four new sequences were generated using either universal or specific primers designed in this study. The mitochondrial ML5–ML6 DNA and ATP6 regions were highly conserved and did not show differences between any of the isolates. Conversely, DNA sequences from the ITS, RPB1, RPB2, GPD and TEF1-α loci were variable among samples. Maximum likelihood analysis of GPD and TEF1-α strongly supported the presences of two different subgroups within the species but without congruence or geographic partition, suggesting the presence of retained ancestral polymorphisms. RPB1 and RPB2 sequences separated European isolates from American ones, while the GPD locus separated western North American samples from eastern North American ones. This study reports the presence of P. gigantea in California for the first time using DNA-based confirmation and identifies two older genetically distinct subspecific groups, as well as three genetically differentiated lineages within the species: one from Europe, one from eastern North America and one from California, with the latter presumably including individuals from the rest of western North America. The genetic differentiation identified here among P. gigantea individuals from coniferous forests from different world regions indicates that European isolates of this fungus should not be used in North America (or vice versa), and, likewise, commercially available eastern North American P. gigantea isolates should not be used in western North America forests. The reported lack of host specificity of P. gigantea was documented by the field survey and further reinforces the need to only use local isolates of this biocontrol fungus, given that genetically distinct exotic genotypes of a broad generalist microbe may easily spread and permanently alter the microbial biodiversity of native forest ecosystems.

scholarly journals A Climatology of Thunderstorms across Europe from a Synthesis of Multiple Data Sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1813-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Taszarek ◽  
John Allen ◽  
Tomáš Púčik ◽  
Pieter Groenemeijer ◽  
Bartosz Czernecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Thunderstorm Activity ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Severe Thunderstorm ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
The Alps

Abstract The climatology of (severe) thunderstorm days is investigated on a pan-European scale for the period of 1979–2017. For this purpose, sounding measurements, surface observations, lightning data from ZEUS (a European-wide lightning detection system) and European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID), ERA-Interim, and severe weather reports are compared and their respective strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The research focuses on the annual cycles in thunderstorm activity and their spatial variability. According to all datasets thunderstorms are the most frequent in the central Mediterranean, the Alps, the Balkan Peninsula, and the Carpathians. Proxies for severe thunderstorm environments show similar patterns, but severe weather reports instead have their highest frequency over central Europe. Annual peak thunderstorm activity is in July and August over northern, eastern, and central Europe, contrasting with peaks in May and June over western and southeastern Europe. The Mediterranean, driven by the warm waters, has predominant activity in the fall (western part) and winter (eastern part) while the nearby Iberian Peninsula and eastern Turkey have peaks in April and May. Trend analysis of the mean annual number of days with thunderstorms since 1979 indicates an increase over the Alps and central, southeastern, and eastern Europe with a decrease over the southwest. Multiannual changes refer also to changes in the pattern of the annual cycle. Comparison of different data sources revealed that although lightning data provide the most objective sampling of thunderstorm activity, short operating periods and areas devoid of sensors limit their utility. In contrast, reanalysis complements these disadvantages to provide a longer climatology, but is prone to errors related to modeling thunderstorm occurrence and the numerical simulation itself.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of cyathostomin species-specific prevalence and relative abundance in domestic horses from 1975–2020: emphasis on geographical region and specimen collection method

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Bellaw ◽  
Martin K. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
North America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Background Cyathostomins infect virtually all horses, and concomitant infections with 10 or more species per horse is standard. Species-specific knowledge is limited, despite potential species bias in development of disease and anthelmintic resistance. This is the first meta-analysis to examine effects of geographical region and cyathostomin collection method on reported composition of cyathostomin communities. Methods Thirty-seven articles published in English in 1975 or later, in which adults of individual species were systematically enumerated, were included. Seven regions; North America, South America, eastern Europe, western Europe, northern Europe, southern Africa, and Oceania, and three cyathostomin collection methods; (i) standard necropsy recovery from the large intestine, (ii) critical test collection from post-treatment feces and necropsy, and (iii) diagnostic deworming recovery solely from post-treatment feces, were considered. Generalized mixed linear models analyzed the effects of region and collection method on species-specific prevalence and relative abundance. Species richness was analyzed by mixed linear models. Results Definitively, the most prevalent and relatively abundant species were Cylicocyclus nassatus (prevalence = 93%, relative abundance = 20%), Cylicostephanus (Cys.) longibursatus (93%, 20%), and Cyathostomum catinatum (90%, 16%). A bias toward horses with high infection intensities and cyathostomin collection from feces resulted in North American critical tests and eastern European diagnostic deworming overestimating the species-specific prevalence and underestimating the relative abundance of rare/uncommon species compared to respective intra-regional standard necropsies. North American critical tests underestimated species richness due partially to identification key errors. Inter-regional standard necropsy comparisons yielded some species-specific regional differences, including a significantly higher Cys. longibursatus prevalence and relative abundance in North America (92%, 33%) than in eastern Europe (51%, 7%) (P > 0.0001). Localization of critical tests to North America and diagnostic deworming to Eastern Europe precluded expansive ‘region by collection method’ interaction analyses. Conclusion We provide substantial data to inform study design, e.g. effect and study size, for cyathostomin research and highlight necessity for method standardization and raw data accessibility for optimal post-factum comparisons.

Acoustic Detection of Distressed Freight Car Roller Bearings

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald B. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
North America ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Acoustic Detection ◽  
Internal Damage ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Freight Car

Trackside Acoustic Detection System (TADS®) development spearheaded implementation of an acoustic freight car roller bearing detector whose purpose is to prevent in-service bearing failures (burned off journals and hot bearing detector train stops). The means of accomplishing this goal is by providing the user with a warning of internal bearing defects or degradation with component involvement and severity information. The Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) began the TADS® development process in 1994 with basic research into bearing defect acoustic emissions. Subsequently, TTCI conducted prototype testing on a North American railroad, constructed and installed of several international beta test systems, and finally has sold production systems in North America and internationally. There are currently about 40 TADS® sites in operation world-wide with 2.0 or more systems scheduled for installation in 2007. The original mission for TADS® in North America was an early warning of bearing degradation to allow for scheduled maintenance, but after initial evaluation, this mission enlarged to include notification of potentially high risk bearings. The high risk bearing is defined as one with fairly large areas of internal damage and at an increased risk of overheating or failing in service. The high risk bearing has a different acoustic signature, dissimilar to that of smaller defects. This paper will outline the change in mission for this detector and describe the development of an improved capability for detecting these high risk bearings.

scholarly journals Littoral landforms and pedosedimentary sequences indicating late Holocene lake-level changes in northern central Europe — A case study from northeastern Germany

Geomorphology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 58-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Kaiser ◽  
Mathias Küster ◽  
Alexander Fülling ◽  
Martin Theuerkauf ◽  
Elisabeth Dietze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Lake Level ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Lake Level Changes ◽  
Northeastern Germany
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