PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO TEMPORAL VARIATION IN CONIFER FOLIAGE BY A CATERPILLAR

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Temporal Window ◽  
Relative Paucity ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractLarvae of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée) (Lepidoptere: Geometridae), consume both new and old foliage within the crowns of their host, balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Miller (Pinaceae), despite the poor nutritional quality generally ascribed to old tissues. Laboratory studies evaluated whether the consumption of old foliage by hemlock looper larvae could be an adaptation to the relative paucity of new versus old foliage, and to the limited temporal window during which young foliage remains high in nutritional quality. Access to new foliage was critical to hemlock looper survival; 55% of larvae fed an exclusive diet of new foliage survived, whereas only 5% and 0% of larvae fed exclusively 1-or 2-year-old foliage survived, respectively. Moreover, larvae reared on branches in synchrony with bud flush were more than twice as likely to survive than those whose emergence was delayed by 2 weeks. Despite the reliance by the hemlock looper upon new foliage for survival, larvae given access to both new and old foliage survived better and were heavier than those restricted to new foliage. By incorporating older foliage into their diet, the hemlock looper can circumvent the limited availability of new foliage, thereby gaining access to more abundant tissues.

Artificial inoculation with Armillaria ostoyae in established conifers stressed by defoliation, planting, and thinning in Newfoundland

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1758-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Piercey-Normore ◽  
J A Bérubé
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Armillaria Ostoyae ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Mill Stand ◽  
Hemlock Looper

Armillaria ostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink causes root disease in conifers of the northern hemisphere. Pathogenicity tests of established conifer trees with A. ostoyae, has never been done in the boreal forest. Seven forest plots were selected in Newfoundland; a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) plantation, a naturally regenerated black spruce stand, a balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stand with hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria (Guen.)) defoliation, two balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae (Ratz.)) infested balsam fir stands (thinned and unthinned sites), a balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis Harris) defoliated balsam fir stand, and an artificially defoliated black spruce stand. Roots of fir and spruce trees were inoculated with two isolates of A. ostoyae and re-examined after 2 years. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in root infection within plots for different types of host stress to examine the response of trees to controlled inoculations of A. ostoyae. There was a statistically significant difference in number of infected roots between the two isolates used as inoculum. There was significantly more root response with severity of infection within all sites except both adelgid plots. A marginally significant relationship between tree health and root infection was present in the balsam fir sawfly plot. There was a significantly larger number of infected roots associated with rhizomorphs in the naturally regenerated black spruce stand and the artificially defoliated balsam fir stand. These results suggest that stress prediposes the host tree to root infection by A. ostoyae.

EFFICACY OF OIL-BASED FORMULATIONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER VAR. KURSTAKI AGAINST THE HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (GUEN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. West ◽  
A.G. Raske ◽  
A. Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractOil-based formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki, Dipel 132, Dipel 176, and Dipel 264, were aerially applied at rates of 1.18–2.36 L/ha over five 30-ha plots in a balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., forest in efficacy tests against the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), in Newfoundland. Double applications of 30 Billion International Units (BIU) per hectare of each formulation and single applications of 40 BIU per hectare of Dipel 176 and Dipel 264 were tested. Larval population reductions of more than 95% and no defoliation of old or new foliage were observed in the plots receiving double applications and in the plot treated with a single application of Dipel 264. Larval numbers were reduced by 85% and defoliation was 4% in the plot treated once with Dipel 176.These treatments were applied against low to moderate larval populations, and their success was attributed to excellent spray coverage and early application when 50% or more of the larvae were still in their first instar.

History of the Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland, and Notes on Its Biology

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 587-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hemlock Looper ◽  
Near Future

The hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), has been an important forest pest in Newfoundland for many years. Outbreaks have been reported from widely separated parts of the Island and in most cases the mortality of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, has been high.An investigation of the biology of the insect was commenced in 1950 at Lake St. George where two separate infestations had appeared in 1949. These infestations died out in 1951 and only limited information was obtained on some aspects of the investigation. As there is little prospect of continuing field studies in the near future, the results to date are being reported.

EFFICACY OF VARIOUS BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER VAR. KURSTAKI FORMULATIONS AND DOSAGES IN THE FIELD AGAINST THE HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (GUEN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. West ◽  
A.G Raske ◽  
A. Retnakaran ◽  
K.P. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Hemlock Looper

AbstractAerially applied Thuricide 48LV, Thuricide 64B, Futura XLV, and water-based formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki (B.t.), were tested for effectiveness to control the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., stands. Thuricide 64B, applied twice at a dosage of 30 Billion International Units (BIU) per hectare in 1.78 L/ha, was the most effective, reducing the larval population by 100%.

SPRING PARASITISM OF OVERWINTERED EGGS OF LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) BY TELENOMUS NEAR ALSOPHILAE (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester K. Hartling ◽  
Nelson Carter ◽  
Janet Proude
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Dark Spot ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Hemlock Looper

New Brunswick experienced its first recorded outbreak of hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in 1989 (Magasi1990). Since 1993, populations have remained at endemic levels. From 1989 to 1994, when annual egg surveys were conducted (from October to April) on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller (Pinaceae) to forecast the next years' population for planning foliage protection programs, the egg parasitoids Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (Hartling et al. 1991) and Telenomus near alsophilae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) were frequently reared from overwintering looper eggs. We believe two factors can cause an underestimation of egg parasitism rates by Telenomus near alsophilae: (i) eggs parasitized by Telenomus near alsophilae can be difficult to identify, and need to be reared to detect the black shading on the chorion which ranges from a mere dark spot to some gradation of black over the entire surface; and (ii) additional parasitism by this parasitoid might occur in spring. Our estimates of egg parasitism rates were as high as 23% (n = 93) from spring-collected looper eggs incorrectly classified as viable until incubated in the laboratory. We describe part of an experiment that confirms spring parasitism by this species, and illustrate the implications to operational looper control operations.

Influence of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) budburst phenology on hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria)

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Butt ◽  
Dan Quiring ◽  
Christian Hébert ◽  
Johanne Delisle ◽  
Richard Berthiaume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Hemlock Looper ◽  
Budburst Phenology

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

scholarly journals Mixed Regional Shifts in Conifer Productivity under 21st-Century Climate Projections in Canada’s Northeastern Boreal Forest

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Tyler Searls ◽  
James Steenberg ◽  
Xinbiao Zhu ◽  
Charles P.-A. Bourque ◽  
Fan-Rui Meng
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Model Validation ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Climate Projections

Models of forest growth and yield (G&Y) are a key component in long-term strategic forest management plans. Models leveraging the industry-standard “empirical” approach to G&Y are frequently underpinned by an assumption of historical consistency in climatic growing conditions. This assumption is problematic as forest managers look to obtain reliable growth predictions under the changing climate of the 21st century. Consequently, there is a pressing need for G&Y modelling approaches that can be more robustly applied under the influence of climate change. In this study we utilized an established forest gap model (JABOWA-3) to simulate G&Y between 2020 and 2100 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). Simulations were completed using the province’s permanent sample plot data and surface-fitted climatic datasets. Through model validation, we found simulated basal area (BA) aligned with observed BA for the major conifer species components of NL’s forests, including black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton et al.] and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill]. Model validation was not as robust for the less abundant species components of NL (e.g., Acer rubrum L. 1753, Populus tremuloides Michx., and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Our simulations generally indicate that projected climatic changes may modestly increase black spruce and balsam fir productivity in the more northerly growing environments within NL. In contrast, we found productivity of these same species to only be maintained, and in some instances even decline, toward NL’s southerly extents. These generalizations are moderated by species, RCP, and geographic parameters. Growth modifiers were also prepared to render empirical G&Y projections more robust for use under periods of climate change.

Prescribed Burning for Stand Conversion in Budworm-killed Balsam Fir: An Ontario Case History

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Stand Conversion

Recent spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) infestations have resulted in widespread areas of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) mortality in Ontario, and there is growing interest in reestablishing these areas quickly as productive forests. One technique being used is prescribed fire after a salvage and bulldozer tramping operation. A 445-ha prescribed burn was carried out under moderate fire danger conditions in northern Ontario. The site, which was covered by balsam fir fuel that had been killed by spruce budworm, was tramped to improve fire spread. Weather, fuel consumption, and fire effects are reported. The burn effectively reduced heavy surface fuel loadings and consequently planting on the site was easier. Key words: Prescribed burning, fire, spruce budworm. Choristoneura fumiferana, balsam fir, Abies balsamea, fuel consumption, site preparation, tramping, stand conversion.

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