VULNERABILITY OF THE FIR CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIAABIETIVORELLA (GROTE) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN DIFFERENT LARVAL STAGES TO THE HD-1 STRAIN OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Trudel ◽  
Éric Bauce ◽  
Jean Cabana ◽  
Claude Guertin
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Young Tree ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Dioryctria Abietivorella ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
The Impact

The fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote), is a major insect pest in seed orchards across Canada and the adjoining eastern and western United States. Larvae feed principally on cones, but they can also feed on needles and occasionally on the bark of young tree trunks (Hedlin et al. 1980; Ruth 1980; Martineau 1985). The potential for a population of D. abietivorella to build up in seed orchards may be greater than in natural stands (Hedlin et al. 1980; Ruth et al. 1982). The use of entomopathogen in the management of fir coneworm could be an adequate measure to reduce the impact of this insect. Moreover, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki has a specific effect on Lepidoptera (Aronson et al. 1986; Gill et al. 1992). The purpose of our study was to determine the activity of the HD-1 strain of B. thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (serotype H-3a:3b) to larvae D. abietivorella. Bioassays were conducted with first-, third-, and fifth-instar larvae of fir coneworm to determine whether or not the insect's vulnerability to B. thuringiensis varies with larval age.

scholarly journals Characterization of Two Novel Bacillus thuringiensis Cry8 Toxins Reveal Differential Specificity of Protoxins or Activated Toxins against Chrysomeloidea Coleopteran Superfamily

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Changlong Shu ◽  
Guixin Yan ◽  
Shizhi Huang ◽  
Yongxin Geng ◽  
Mario Soberón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Anoplophora Glabripennis ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins ◽  
Holotrichia Parallela ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Differential Toxicity

Scarabaeoidea and Chrysomeloidea insects are agriculture-destructive coleopteran pests. Few effective Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins against these species have been described. Bt isolate BtSU4 was found to be active against coleopteran insects. Genome sequencing revealed two new cry8 genes in BtSU4, designated as cry8Ha1 and cry8Ia1. Both genes expressed a 135 kDa protoxin forming irregular shape crystals. Bioassays performed with Cry8Ha1 protoxin showed that it was toxic to both larvae and adult stages of Holotrichia parallela, also to Holotrichia oblita adults and to Anoplophora glabripennis larvae, but was not toxic to larval stages of H. oblita or Colaphellus bowringi. The Cry8Ia1 protoxin only showed toxicity against H. parallela larvae. After activation with chymotrypsin, the Cry8Ha1 activated toxin lost its insecticidal activity against H. oblita adults and reduced its activity on H. parallela adults, but gained toxicity against C. bowringi larvae, a Chrysomeloidea insect pest that feeds on crucifer crops. The chymotrypsin activated Cry8Ia1 toxin did not show toxicity to any one of these insects. These data show that Cry8Ha1 and Cry8Ia1 protoxin and activated toxin proteins have differential toxicity to diverse coleopteran species, and that protoxin is a more robust protein for the control of coleopteran insects.

scholarly journals Population dynamics of Arthroschista hilaralis pest and its parasitoid diversity in various jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) cropping patterns in South Sumatra, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
SRI UTAMI ◽  
HERMANU TRIWIDODO ◽  
PUDJIANTO PUDJIANTO ◽  
AUNU RAUF ◽  
NOOR FARIKHAH HANEDA
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Industrial Plantation ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Anthocephalus Cadamba

Utami S, Triwidodo H, Pudjianto, Rauf A, Haneda NF. 2018. Population dynamics of Arthroschista hilaralis pest and its parasitoid diversity in various jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) cropping patterns in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 239- 245. Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), a native tree species in Indonesia exhibit natural distribution, spreading over an enormous area in this region. In South Sumatra, jabon has long been cultivated in both communities and industrial plantation forests. Arthroschista hilaralis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the most damaging insect pest of jabon in South Sumatra. This study analyzed the population dynamics of A. hilaralis in jabon monoculture and two agroforestry systems, and assessed the diversity of the pest parasitoids and their parasitism level on A. hilaralis. Our results showed that planting systems, climatic factors, and the presence of parasitoids could significantly affect the population dynamics of A. hilaralis; its mean population density was highest in monocultures plantation during the rainy season compared with population densities in agroforestry systems. Three parasitoids species attacking A. hilaralis were found in these agroforestry systems, including Phanerotoma sp., Apanteles sp. and Brachymeria sp., while only one species (Apanteles sp.) was found in a monoculture. The rate of parasitization of A. hilaralis within agroforestry systems was higher than in monocultures, and the level of larval parasitization by Apanteles sp. in the agroforestry system was higher in instar 1 than in other larval stages.

scholarly journals Impacts of three pesticides on arthropod biodiversity in brinjal agro-ecosystem

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
S Akter ◽  
MZ Alam ◽  
MS Rana ◽  
HB Saif
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Surface Dwelling ◽  
Arthropod Biodiversity ◽  
Searching Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Arthropod Pest

A field study was conducted to find out the impact of three selected pesticides on arthropod biodiversity in brinjal agro-ecosystem during 2011-2012 at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU). Twenty-six arthropod species were observed through visual searching method out of which 18 were insect pest species (from 14 families under 8 orders) and 8 were natural enemies (from 8 families under 6 families). Twenty one species of surface dwelling arthropods were caught in pitfall traps method, 12 of them were insect pest species (from 11 families under 8 orders) and 9 were natural enemies (from 9 families under 5 orders). Formicidae was the most abundant family among them. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Tracer 45SC (Spinosad) were less harmful to arthropod pest species as well as natural enemies in the brinjal agro-ecosystem. Proclaim 5SG reduced the overall abundance of arthropod species. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Tracer 45SC were relatively safe for natural enemies and therefore would be fit well into integrated pest management (IPM) against BSFB of brinjal crop.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (1): 55-61, June, 2018

scholarly journals Decomposition Analysis of the Evolution of the Local Energy System as a Tool to Assess the Effect of Local Actions: Methodology and Example of Malmö, Sweden

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Isabel Azevedo ◽  
Vítor Leal
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
Total Change ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Change Mitigation

This paper proposes the use of decomposition analysis to assess the effect of local energy-related actions towards climate change mitigation, and thus improve policy evaluation and planning at the local level. The assessment of the impact of local actions has been a challenge, even from a strictly technical perspective. This happens because the total change observed is the result of multiple factors influencing local energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, many of them not even influenced by local authorities. A methodology was developed, based on a recently developed decomposition model, that disaggregates the total observed changes in the local energy system into multiple causes/effects (including local socio-economic evolution, technology evolution, higher-level governance frame and local actions). The proposed methodology, including the quantification of the specific effect associated with local actions, is demonstrated with the case study of the municipality of Malmö (Sweden) in the timeframe between 1990 and 2015.

scholarly journals Mild Abiotic Stress Affects Development and Stimulates Hormesis of Hemp Aphid Phorodon cannabis

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Roma Durak ◽  
Malgorzata Jedryczka ◽  
Beata Czajka ◽  
Jan Dampc ◽  
Katarzyna Wielgusz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Live Feed ◽  
Average Fecundity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Considerable Damage ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Future Management

The hemp aphid Phorodon cannabis Passerini is a well- known (Asia, Europe) or newly emerging (North America) insect. It is a monophagous insect pest causing considerable damage in field and glasshouse cultivations. The aim of this work was to study the effects of meteorological (temperature) and agronomical (herbicide) factors on the biology of the hemp aphid. In one experiment, hemp plants were kept at constant temperatures ranging from 20 to 30 °C, and aphid survival and fecundity were measured. In a related experiment conducted at 20 °C, plants were treated with field-appropriate rates of a selective graminicide containing quizalofop-P-tefuryl (40 gL−1, 4.38%, HRAC group 1), commonly used to control weeds in hemp, and aphid enzyme activity was measured in addition to population parameters. We found that hemp aphids could live, feed and reproduce within the whole studied range of temperatures, demonstrating its great evolutionary plasticity. However, the optimal temperature for development was 25 °C, at which the insect lived and reproduced for 25 and 15 days, respectively, with an average fecundity of 7.5 nymphs per reproduction day. The herbicide treatment increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), β-glucosidase, S-glutathione transferase (GST), oxidoreductive peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the aphids, but only on certain days after treatment, which indicates a mild stress in aphid tissues, related to a higher reproduction and changed feeding behavior; aphids moved from the actively growing tips compared to untreated plants. The results of these experiments are discussed in terms of the impact on the future management of this pest.

CONTROLLING SUFETULA SPP.: A COCONUT INSECT PEST ON PEAT SOILS

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. BONNEAU ◽  
M. HUSNI ◽  
L. BEAUDOIN-OLLIVIER ◽  
JOKO SUSILO
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Depressive Effect ◽  
Moss Cover ◽  
Adult Insect ◽  
The Impact

We demonstrated experimentally that Sufetula, a root-mining insect, has a depressive effect on coconut yields on peat soils. The impact of the pest resulted in a shortfall in earnings that warranted taking control measures. We considered control methods suitable for rehabilitating infested mature coconut plantings and for preserving young coconut plantings. Currently, cultural control is the only effective method. It involves eliminating all identified shelters for the adult insect, i.e. fern cover and heaps of coconut waste (dry fronds and husks). The aim is to achieve totally bare soil, with moss cover that does not attract the pest, or planted with an unattractive intercrop such as pineapple.

scholarly journals No Evidence of an Impact on the Rhizosphere Diazotroph Community by the Expression of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Toxin by Bt White Spruce

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6577-6583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josyanne Lamarche ◽  
Richard C. Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Cloning And Sequencing ◽  
Insecticidal Toxin ◽  
Soil Bacterial Communities ◽  
Cry1ab Toxin ◽  
Natural Stands

ABSTRACT Nitrogen fixation is one of the most important roles played by soil bacterial communities, as fixation supplies nitrogen to many ecosystems which are often N limited. As impacts on this functional group of bacteria might harm the ecosystem's health and reduce productivity, monitoring that particular group is important. Recently, a field trial with Bt white spruce, which constitutively expresses the Cry1Ab insecticidal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, was established. The Bt white spruce was shown to be resistant to spruce budworm. We investigated the possible impact of these genetically modified trees on soil nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities. The trial consisted of untransformed controls, GUS white spruce (transformed with the β-glucuronidase gene), and Bt/GUS white spruce (which constitutively expresses both the Cry1Ab toxin and β-glucuronidase) in a random design. Four years after planting, soil samples from the control and the two treatments from plantation as well as from two natural stands of white spruce were collected. Diazotroph diversity was assessed by extracting soil genomic DNA and amplifying a region of the nitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene, followed by cloning and sequencing. Analysis revealed that nitrogen-fixing communities did not differ significantly among the untransformed control, GUS white spruce, and Bt/GUS white spruce. Nevertheless, differences in diazotroph diversity were observed between white spruce trees from the plantation site and those from two natural stands, one of which grew only a few meters away from the plantation. We therefore conclude, in the absence of evidence that the presence of the B. thuringiensis cry1Ab gene had an effect on diazotroph communities, that either site and/or field preparation prior to planting seems to be more important in determining diazotroph community structure than the presence of Bt white spruce.

Arrested Feeding of the Asiatic Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Bacillus thuringiensis

1989 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Rombach ◽  
R. M. Aguda ◽  
L. Picard ◽  
D. W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Field performance and early test results of offspring from two Norway spruce seed orchards containing clones transferred to warmer climates

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Skrøppa ◽  
Ketil Kohmann ◽  
Øystein Johnsen ◽  
Arne Steffenrem ◽  
Øyvind M. Edvardsen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Crops

We present results from early tests and field trials of offspring from two Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seed orchards containing clones that have been transferred from high altitudes to sea level and from northern to southern latitudes. Seedlings from seeds produced in the low-altitude seed orchard developed frost hardiness later at the end of the growth season, flushed later in field trials, and grew taller than seedlings from seeds produced in natural stands. They had the lowest mortality rate and the lowest frequency of injuries in the field trials. Similar results were observed in seedlings from seeds produced in the southern seed orchard. We found no adverse effects of the changed growth rhythm. Seedlings from two seed crops in the southern orchard, produced in years with a warm and a cold summer, had different annual growth rhythms. The results are explained mainly by the effects of the climatic conditions during the reproductive phase. Seed crops from different years in the same seed orchard may produce seedlings that perform as if they were from different provenances. It is argued that the effects of the climatic conditions during seed production must contribute to the variation among provenances of Norway spruce.

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