A COMPARISON OF EPIGAEIC COLEOPTERA ASSEMBLAGES IN ORGANIC, CONVENTIONAL, AND ABANDONED ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA

1995 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 641-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isobel A. Pearsall ◽  
Sandra J. Walde
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Total Abundance ◽  
Generic Composition ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
General Care ◽  
Organic Orchards

AbstractThe beetle fauna of conventional, organic, and abandoned apple orchards was monitored in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, between May and September 1991. Treatment in the three types of orchards differed with respect to weed control, disease control, fertilization, and general care. The most commonly captured beetles in all three types of orchards were carabids, in particular, Carabus nemoralis Müller, Carabus granulatus Linné, Harpalus rufipes (DeGeer), and Pterostichus coracinus (Newman). In general, abundance of predaceous beetles was highest in the conventional orchards and lowest in the abandoned orchards. Generic composition of predaceous beetles was similar among orchards, although the abandoned orchards were characterized by high proportions of the larger carabids, C. nemoralis and C. granulatus, whereas the organic and conventional orchards were dominated by the smaller carabids, H. rufipes and P. coracinus. Although there were no significant differences among orchard type in the total abundance of non-predaceous beetles, the abandoned orchards displayed the greatest diversity of non-predaceous beetles, with the lowest diversity found in the organic orchards.

scholarly journals Disease management in Hawkes Bay apple orchards converting to organic production

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G. Tate ◽  
D.W. Manktelow ◽  
J.T. Walker ◽  
H. Stiefel
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Organic Orchards

Disease control achieved by 10 apple growers converting to organics during the 199798 and 199899 seasons is reported Two orchards experienced black spot outbreaks each season while the remainder averaged 05 spotted fruit Powdery mildew was severe in 199798 but acceptable in 199899 Fruit rots after coolstorage averaged 011 for different varieties in 199798 and 030 in 199899 Fungicide applications averaged 116 in 199798 and 184 in 199899 which was a net increase in chemical use Copper use was below 3 kg/ha/year The mostused spray programme was a greentip copper three prebloom limesulphurs sulphur/copper bloom sprays and sulphur or sulphur/ copper sprays thereafter Results showed that acceptable disease control is achievable in organic orchards but summer and core rots remain a concern

Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity within apple orchards and old fields in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada

2012 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory S. Sheffield ◽  
Peter G. Kevan ◽  
Alana Pindar ◽  
Laurence Packer
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Old Fields ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Bee Communities ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Agricultural Regions

AbstractBees are important within terrestrial ecosystems, providing pollination, which facilitates plant reproduction. Agricultural regions are large landscapes containing varying proportions of cropland, natural, and semi-natural habitats. Most bees are not restricted to any of these and move freely throughout, exploiting food and nesting resources in favourable locations. Many factors affect bee diversity, and knowledge of these is crucial for promoting healthy bee communities. The main objectives of this study were to compare diversity and guild structure of bee communities across a range of land disturbance levels within the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada, in habitats ranging from managed apple orchards to old fields. The two habitat extremes differed significantly; intensely managed orchards had significantly lower species richness (∼50%) than observed/estimated in old fields, but orchards with intermediate levels of adjacent natural/semi-natural habitat showed affinities to either extreme depending on the metrics used for estimating species richness. Species assemblages in orchards had lower proportions of several guilds, particularly cavity-nesters, bumble bees, and cleptoparasites, than other habitats. These guilds accounted for over 30% of bees collected in old fields but only 3–10% in orchards, increasing with habitat complexity. The use of guilds for assessing the health of bee communities is discussed.

Control of the Apple Sucker, Psylla mali Schmidb., by the Fungus Entomophthora sphaerosperma (Fresenius)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 818-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Jaques ◽  
N. A. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Annapolis Valley

The apple sucker, Psylla mali Schmidb., was first noticed in large numbers in Nova Scotia in 1919 and within a few years populations were dense in apple orchards throughout the Annapolis Valley (Dustan, 1924a). Dustan (1924b) and Gilliatt (1924) reported that a disease caused by Entomophthora sphaerosperma (Fresenius) was prevalent among adult apple suckers during this infestation. A decline in numbers followed this early infestation due, it was thought, to the fungus. However, about the time that this early infestation declined sulphur was introduced as a fungicide. General use of sulphur continued until about 1950 and the insect was not a serious pest during this period. This association of low density of the apple sucker with the use of sulphur and the general increase in numbers of the apple sucker after the organic fungicides, ferbam, captan, glyodin, etc. became common in Nova Scotia, led to the belief that sulphur rather than E. sphaerosperma had been largely responsible for the decline of the early infestation in the 1920's.

scholarly journals Diversity of cavity-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) within apple orchards and wild habitats in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory S. Sheffield ◽  
Peter G. Kevan ◽  
Sue M. Westby ◽  
Robert F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Cavity Nesting ◽  
Trap Nests ◽  
Compositional Patterns ◽  
Annapolis Valley

AbstractSolitary cavity-nesting bees, especially trap-nesting Megachilidae, have great potential as commercial pollinators. A few species have been developed for crop pollination, but the diversity, abundance, and potential pollination contributions of native cavity-nesting bees within agricultural systems have seldom been assessed. Our objectives were to compare the diversity and fecundity of cavity-nesting bees in Nova Scotia in natural ecosystems with those in apple orchards under three levels of management, using trap nests, and to determine whether any native bees show promise for development as pollinators. Our results show that species richness and numbers of bees reared from trap nests in commercially managed orchards, abandoned orchards, and natural habitats were similar, and species’ compositional patterns were not unique to specific habitats. Trap nests can be used to increase and maintain cavity-nesting bee populations within Nova Scotia apple orchards. Osmia tersula Cockerell (Megachilidae), which accounted for almost 45% of all bees captured and was the most abundant species nesting in all habitats evaluated, should be assessed for potential as a commercial pollinator of spring-flowering crops. The influence of natural cavities on bee species richness in trap-nesting surveys is also discussed.

scholarly journals A New Look at Cultivar Preference in Hoplocampa testudinea (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on Apple in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, Canada

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 769
Author(s):  
Suzanne Blatt ◽  
Kim Hiltz
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Differential Survival ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Hoplocampa Testudinea

(1) Background: The European apple sawfly, Hoplocampa testudinea Klug (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), can be an economically important pest in eastern Canada and shows preference for apple cultivars in Nova Scotia, Canada. We hypothesized that this preference could be due to oviposition by female H. testudinea (preference-performance hypothesis) during the bloom period or differential larval survival during development due to fruitlet physicochemical properties. (2) Methods: Fifteen commercial and experimental apple (Malusdomestica Borkh.; Rosaceae) cultivars located at the Kentville Research and Development Centre (Kentville, Nova Scotia) were chosen and examined for H. testudinea oviposition, larval performance during fruitlet development, fruitlet physicochemical properties and damage assessment at harvest from 2016–2019, inclusive. (3) Results: H. testudinea showed significant cultivar preference during oviposition, during development and at harvest, but the ranking of these cultivars was not the same throughout the season. Total impact by H. testudinea was consistent for most cultivars over multiple years of the study. (4) Conclusion: Correlation of oviposition with damage provided weak evidence for the preference-performance hypothesis. We propose that this relationship is weak due to differential survival of larvae during development.

scholarly journals Makro- és mikroelem-tartalom összehasonlítása almaültetvények talajában

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Tamás Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Humus Content ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Total N ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Organic Orchards

In a three-year study carried out at the Debrecen-Pallagi nursery of the University of Debrecen, the nutrient contents, humus content and pH of the soil were determined in integrated and organic apple orchards established on brown forest soil with thin interstratified layers of colloid and sesquioxide accumulation. The organic orchard was only given organic manure (50 t/ha) in spring 2000 and 2002, while the integrated orchard was treated with 250 kg/ha complex NPK fertilizer (16.5-16.5-16.5) every year between 1997 and 2003 after the leaves had fallen. An additional 50 kg/ha N active agent as NH 4 NO 3 was applied every year, while 4 t/ha lime fertilizer (carbonation mud) was provided in autumn 2002 and 25 t/ha organic manure in November 2003. In 2004 no fertilizer was given to either orchard. The available forms of N (NO 3- , NH 4+ , organic N and total N) and P (ortho-, organic and total-PO 43- ) were determined after extraction with 0.01 M CaCl 2 , while the Ca, Mg and microelement (Mn, Cu, Zn) content of the soil was extracted with NH 4 -acetate +EDTA (Lakanen-Erviö extractant). Potassium was measured in both extractants. The results showed that the inorganic, organic and total soluble nitrogen in the soil were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the integrated orchard than in the organic one. It was found that the quantity and ratio of the organic N fraction was comparable with that of the inorganic N forms. The ortho- phosphate and total P fractions were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the integrated apple orchard than in the organic orchard, while there was no significant difference in the organic P quantity. The potassium data showed that both the integrated and organic orchards contained a satisfactory amount of adsorbed K in spite of the poor colloid content and high soil acidity. The Ca, Mg, Co and Zn contents of the integrated soils were significantly higher (P = 0.05) than in the organic orchard. For Mn, however, no substantial difference was found between the integrated and organic orchards. With the exception of Mn, the nutrient concentrations reflected the differences in the nutrient management of the integrated and organic apple orchards.

Further studies on epidemiological factors influencing control of banana bunchy top disease and evaluation of control measures by computer simulation

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
RN Allen
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
Banana Leaves ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The basic infection rate of bunchy top disease in established bananas averaged 0.0342 new infections per infectious plant per day, but varied seasonally with a maximum in summer. The mean distance of spread for the aphid vector was 15.2 m. The latent period was 59.8 days and correlated with the time required for the growth of 3.7 new banana leaves. A microcomputer program was written to simulate spread of banana bunchy top disease in space and time. In the absence of disease control, disease spread from an initial primary infection in July or January to 124 or 153 infected plants, respectively, in one year. When disease control was maintained by removing diseased plants whenever the number of infected plants exceeded a given threshold, the numbers of diseased plants detected each inspection were positively correlated with the infection threshold, but the numbers of inspections required to maintain control increased markedly as the infection threshold was decreased. A practice of removing apparently healthy plants within 5 m of plants detected with bunchy top disease symptoms in five or more leaves was found to locate about 30% of the remaining undetected infected plants when disease was first detected in a plantation. However, its use as a routine control measure was ineffective in reducing the number of inspections required to maintain control or in reducing the risk of disease spreading to adjoining plantations. Removal of apparently healthy plants within 5 m had some bearing on disease control when applied around plants with disease symptoms in two leaves or less, but also caused a significant loss of healthy plants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document