SEX-LINKED GENES AND SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN LEPIDOPTERA

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix A.H. Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Papilio Glaucus ◽  
X Linkage ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Interesting Implication ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Linkage Of Genes ◽  
Review Reports

AbstractI review reports on the genetic basis for species differences in the Lepidoptera. In the six best-studied species complexes, more than half of all ecological, behavioral, or physiological differences among species are controlled by X-linked genes. Because Lepidoptera have about 30 pairs of chromosomes, this finding clearly indicates strong bias toward X-linkage of genes for species differences. The proportion of X-linked species differences ranges from complete X-linkage in Colias butterflies, to almost none in Yponomeuta moths. Four other complexes all have at least one X-linked gene that is crucial to species differences, including the Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, Papilio glaucus L., and Papilio machaon L. species groups, and Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner pheromone strains. The mechanisms that account for this phenomenon are open to speculation. Nonetheless, an interesting implication of disproportionate X-linkage is that reproductive isolation may frequently arise by selection on linkage complexes, rather than as a random byproduct of evolution in geographically isolated populations. If confirmed, the bias toward X-linked species differences may also help efforts to find characters that distinguish host races and sibling species, as well as provide an avenue by which genes crucial to speciation can be more easily mapped and characterized at the molecular level.

scholarly journals Revision of the pollen beetle genus Meligethes (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Audisio ◽  
Simone Sabatelli ◽  
Josef Jelìnek
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Central China ◽  
Pollen Beetle ◽  
Sw China ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Western Palearctic ◽  
Specific Rank ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Available Information ◽  
First Time

A taxonomic revision of members of the genus <em>Meligethes</em> Stephens, 1830 is carried out. Taxonomic and distributional notes are provided on fiftythree <em>Meligethes</em> species, mostly known from the Eastern Palearctic and marginally from the Western Palearctic and the Oriental Regions. Among these, twentythree new species of <em>Meligethes</em> are diagnosed, figured and described: <em>M</em>. <em>argentithorax</em> sp. n. (Central China: Shaanxi, Shanxi), <em>M</em>. <em>aurantirugosus</em> sp. n. (Nepal),<em> M. aureolineatus</em> sp. n. (Central China: Sichuan), <em>M. aurifer</em> sp. n. (Central China: Shaanxi, Shanxi), <em>M. brassicogethoides</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunnan), <em>M. clinei</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunnan), <em>M. elytralis</em> sp. n. (Central China: Sichuan), <em>M. ferruginoides</em> sp. n. (Central China: Sichuan), <em>M.</em> <em>cinereoargenteus</em> sp. n. (Central China: Sichuan), <em>M. henan</em> sp. n. (Central China: Henan), <em>M. luteoornatus</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunnan), <em>M. marmota</em> sp. n. (Nepal), <em>M. nivalis</em> sp. n. (SW and central China: Xizang and Chongqing), <em>M. martes</em> sp. n. (Central China: Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan), <em>M. nigroaeneus</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunnan), <em>M. occultus</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunnan), <em>M</em>. <em>pseudochinensis</em> sp. n. (Central China: Hubei), <em>M. pseudopectoralis</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunan),<em> M. schuelkei</em> sp. n. (Central China: Sichuan, Shaanxi), <em>M. simulator</em> sp. n. (Central-N China: Shanxi), <em>M. stenotarsus</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunnan, Xizang), <em>M. tryznai</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunnan), and <em>M. volkovichi</em> sp. n. (SW China: Yunnan). Revaluations at specific rank from synonymy are introduced for <em>Meligethes lutra</em> Solsky 1860, and for <em>M. melleus</em> Grouvelle, 1908. Three new synonymies are established: <em>Meligethes brevipilus</em> Kirejtshuk, 1980 = <em>M. auripilis</em> Reitter, 1889 (syn. n.), <em>Meligethes zakharenkoi</em> Kirejtshuk, 2005 = <em>M. shirakii</em> Sadanari Hisamatsu, 1956 (syn. n.), and <em>Meligethes shirozui</em> Sadanari Hisamatsu, 1965 =<em> M. wagneri</em> Rebmann, 1956 (syn. n.). Complete redescriptions are given for <em>Meligethes binotatus</em> Grouvelle, 1894, <em>M. castanescens</em> Grouvelle, 1903, <em>M. ferrugineus</em> Reitter, 1873, and <em>M. melleus</em> Grouvelle, 1908. The male of <em>Meligethes lloydi</em> Easton, 1968, is described and figured for the first time. The female genitalia of <em>Meligethes auricomus</em> Rebmann, 1956, <em>M. cinereus</em> Jelínek, 1978, and <em>M. griseus</em> Jelínek, 1978 are described and figured for the first time. Available information on insect-host-plant relationships and ecology are summarized for each species; probably all are associated as larvae with flowers of Rosaceae, chiefly of members of the closely related genera <em>Rosa</em> L., <em>Rubus</em> L., <em>Prunus</em> L., and <em>Crataegus</em> Tourn. ex L. All treated species are grouped in two here revaluated subgenera (<em>Meligethes</em> s.str. and <em>Odonthogethes</em> Reitter, 1871), and tentatively grouped also in species-groups and (when necessary) species-complexes, based on their morphology.

Extraordinary and extensive karyotypic variation: A 48-fold range in chromosome number in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae)

Genome ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn G Cook
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphism ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Host Genus ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Karyotypic Variation

Chromosome number reflects strong constraints on karyotype evolution, unescaped by the majority of animal taxa. Although there is commonly chromosomal polymorphism among closely related taxa, very large differences in chromosome number are rare. This study reports one of the most extensive chromosomal ranges yet reported for an animal genus. Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae), an endemic Australian gall-inducing scale insect genus, exhibits an extraordinary 48-fold variation in chromosome number with diploid numbers ranging from 4 to about 192. Diploid complements of all other eriococcids examined to date range only from 6 to 28. Closely related species of Apiomorpha usually have very different karyotypes, to the extent that the variation within some species- groups is as great as that across the entire genus. There is extensive chromosomal variation among populations within 17 of the morphologically defined species of Apiomorpha indicating the existence of cryptic species-complexes. The extent and pattern of karyotypic variation suggests rapid chromosomal evolution via fissions and (or) fusions. It is hypothesized that chromosomal rearrangements in Apiomorpha species may be associated with these insects' tracking the radiation of their speciose host genus, Eucalyptus. Key words: Apiomorpha, cytogenetics, chromosomal evolution, holocentric.

A re-evaluation of species limits in Canadian Arctic Island Puccinellia (Poaceae): resolving key characters

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 927-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
L L Consaul ◽  
L J Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Variation Explained

This study examined morphological variation for species of Puccinellia that have traditionally posed problems of identification in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The first part of the study involved a re-examination of several characters that were difficult to define or describe. Microscopic examination of lemma and glume apices revealed that the characters "erose-ciliolate" lemma and glume apex margins are more accurately divided into two characters: degree to which they are erose, and presence of trichomes. These trichomes consist of acute or acuminate cells that protrude 15–35 µm from the margin, sometimes with a spinulose tip up to 10 µm long. The term "thickened pedicel" is clarified to mean thickened below the apex in relation to the apex. The second part of the study involved preliminary morphometric analyses on the above-mentioned revised characters, plus other characters previously shown to have low plasticity in this genus, for 10 recognized species that are difficult to distinguish. Many species or species complexes resolved to a small degree, but no taxa formed distinct groups. Correlations among many characters were low, accounting for a low percentage of variation explained by the first few principal components. Hypotheses of species boundaries and a preliminary revised key to species and species groups, incorporating findings from this study, are presented.Key words: Puccinellia, Canadian Arctic, morphology, trichomes, principal components analysis, cluster analysis.

scholarly journals New records of tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Pharyngeal Apparatus ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Egg Morphology ◽  
Primary Identification ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Egg Shell

Species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group are among the most well known and commonly found tardigrades. They are reported in almost every study of Tardigrada diversity in terrestrial habitats. In spite of this, zoogeographical data on this group remain ambiguous and insufficient. Since most species of the M. hufelandi group have been described in the last three decades, many older records need to be confirmed or revised. In this study we aimed to investigate, which species may be present in Ukraine, since most Ukrainian records of this group are outdated. We studied samples of mosses and lichens collected from different regions of Ukraine (mainly in the East and South of the country) in 2007–2019. Tardigrades were extracted from samples and mounted on permanent slides in Faure's medium. After primary identification of genera and species groups we focused on 13 samples containing local populations of the M. hufelandi group. Details of animal and egg morphology were studied under high magnifications of phase contrast light microscopy. Species were identified based on morphology of the oral cavity armature, egg shell morphology, animal cuticle granulation, as well as some morphometric characters of claws and bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. This research revealed the presence of at least six different species in Ukraine: M. glebkai Biserov, 1990; M. hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze, 1834; M. macrocalix Bertolani & Rebecchi, 1993; M. polonicus Pilato, Kaczmarek, Michalczyk & Lisi, 2003; M. sottilei Pilato, Kiosya, Lisi & Sabella, 2012; M. vladimiri Bertolani, Biserov, Rebecchi & Cesari, 2011. Three of them: M. macrocalix, M. sottilei, and M. vladimiri are reported in this study from Ukraine for the first time. Adding three more species recorded in earlier studies: M. diversus Biserov, 1990; M. persimilis Binda & Pilato, 1972, and M. sapiens Binda & Pilato, 1984 – gives the total count of at least 9 species of the group in Ukraine. However, according to the recent studies on species complexes the real species diversity is very likely to be higher. Nevertheless, more sampling and obtaining molecular data from different Ukrainian populations of the M. hufelandi group from Ukraine are required.

Immunological Evidence on Relationships of Some Australian Terrestrial Frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pelodryadinae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
MN Hutchinson ◽  
LR Maxson
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Adaptive Radiations ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages

Phylogenetic relationships of ground-dwelling hylid frogs have been studied by micro-complement fixation comparisons of serum albumin. These analyses show that this group of frogs is not monophyletic. Two distantly related species-complexes are identified: a lesueuri complex, containing the lesueuri and booroolongensis species-groups of Tyler and Davies; and a freycineti complex, consisting of the freycineti, coplandi, latopalmata and nigrofrenata species-groups. Among the frogs studied, the nearest relative of the lesueuri complex is L. serrata, whereas the closest relatives of the freycineti complex include the L. meiriana and L. ewingi species-groups. Within each complex the species are very closely related to one another, suggesting that both lineages recently have undergone adaptive radiations. These relationships correlate well with some of the morphological characters used by Tyler and Davies to establish species- groups within Litoria. Our results are at variance with the conclusions of Tyler and Davies who used features of biology and body proportions to establish possible evolutionary lineages within Litoria.

scholarly journals The Drosophila ananassae species complex: Evolutionary relationships among different members

Genetika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.N. Singh ◽  
Seema Sisodia
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Drosophila Ananassae ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Island Species ◽  
Species Complexes

Information about genetic structure and historical demography of natural populations is central to understanding how natural selection changes genomes. Drosophila ananassae is a widespread species occurring in geographically isolated or partially isolated populations and provides a unique opportunity to investigate population structure and molecular variation. D. ananassae and its closely related species serve as a widely used model in population and evolutionary genetics. The ananassae subgroup belongs to the melanogaster species group. This subgroup contains 22 described species distributed mainly throughout Southeast Asia, with some species expanding into northeastern Australia, South Pacific and Indian subcontinent and Africa. Within the ananassae subgroup, three species complexes-ananassae, bipectinata and ercepeae have been recognized based on male genital morphology. D. ananassae and its relatives have many advantages as a model of genetic differentiation and speciation. In this review, distribution, phylogenies, hybridization, sexual isolation among D. ananassae complex have been discussed. The complex of several cryptic island species provides a useful model for evolutionary studies dealing with the mechanisms of speciation.

scholarly journals Pronounced Genetic Separation Among Varieties of thePrimula cusickianaSpecies Complex, a Great Basin Endemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Koontz ◽  
William D. Pearse ◽  
Paul Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Allopatric Speciation ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Fragmented Habitats ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Varietal Classification ◽  
Sky Island

AbstractDistinguishing between unique species and populations with strong genetic structure is a common challenge in population genetics, especially in fragmented habitats where allopatric speciation may be widespread and distinct groups may be morphologically similar. Such is often the case with species complexes across sky island environments. In these scenarios, biogeography may help to explain the relations between species complex members, and RADseq methods are commonly used to compare closely related species across thousands of genetic loci. Here we use RADseq to clarify the relations between geographically distinct but morphologically similar varieties of thePrimula cusickianaspecies complex, and to contextualize past findings of strong genetic structure among populations within varieties. Our genomic analyses demonstrate pronounced separation between isolated populations of this Great Basin endemic, indicating that the current varietal classification of complex members is inaccurate and emphasizing their conservation importance. We discuss how these results correspond to recent biogeographical models used to describe the distribution of other sky island taxa in western North America. Our findings also fit into a wider trend observed for alpinePrimulaspecies complexes, and we consider how heterostylous breeding systems may be contributing to frequent diversification via allopatric speciation in this genus.

New species of Eutarsopolipus (Trombidiformes: Podapolipidae) from the pterostichine genera Castelnaudia and Trichosternus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4717 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
OWEN D. SEEMAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
North East ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Large Hook ◽  
Geographically Isolated

Three new species of Eutarsopolipus Berlese are described from the flightless pterostichine carabid genera Castelnaudia Tschitscherine and Trichosternus Chaudoir found in rainforests in eastern Queensland: Eutarsopolipus piraticus sp. nov. from Trichosternus frater Darlington and T. mutatus Darlington in north-east Queensland; E. uncatus sp. nov. from C. obscuripennis (Macleay) in north-east Queensland; and E. verberatus sp. nov. from Castelnaudia eungella (Darlington) in middle-eastern Queensland and C. wilsoni (Castelnau) in south-east Queensland. These species are unique in Eutarsopolipus by having large hook-like unguinal setae on tarsi II–III. All species differ by only a few minor features, and the geographically isolated populations of E. verberatus could not be distinguished reliably. Surprisingly, the presence/absence of leg I claws and seta v″ on femur I, which have been used to create species groups, is intraspecifically variable. Species delimitation and the tarsal setation of Podapolipidae, particularly Eutarsopolipus, are also discussed. 

scholarly journals Revision of the Exechia parva group (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Peder Lindemann ◽  
Geir Søli ◽  
Jostein Kjærandsen
Keyword(s):  
Index Number ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Holarctic Region ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Morphological Species ◽  
Zoogeographical Region

Exechia is a diverse genus of small fungus gnats, widespread in the Holarctic Region, while the fauna is largely unknown elsewhere, such as in the Afrotropical and Oriental Region. Members of Exechia can be arranged into several species groups, based on homologies in the male and female terminalia. The Exechia parva group is delimited, based on male terminalia possessing a pair of gonocoxal lobes on the apicoventral gonocoxal margin. Eight previously-described species can be placed in this group, of which six are from the Holarctic Region, while one is recorded each from the Oriental and the Afrotropical Regions. The Exechia parva group was reviewed and found to include 33 species, of which 24 were described as new to science and six were re-described. Identification keys to 32 species for males and nine species for females are provided together with illustrations and photos of male and female terminalia. Species delimitations were based on morphological examination of 94 male and female specimens, as well as DNA barcodes obtained from 124 specimens. Molecular and morphological species delimitations were mostly congruent, except in two cases where two species were delimited within a single Barcode Index Number (BIN). We found that each species is only known from a single zoogeographical region and that several species complexes are largely congruent with zoogeographical divisions, indicating that intercontinental barriers may have a strong impact on the species diversity of the group.

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