THE NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF A PARASITOID WASP, EPHEDRUS CALIFORNICUS BAKER (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sequeira ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Nutritional Ecology ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nymphal Instar ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Host Instar ◽  
Solitary Parasitoid

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that the pattern of development and growth of a generalist parasitoid wasp varies in different hosts. We reared Ephedras californicus Baker (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a solitary parasitoid of aphids, under controlled laboratory conditions on five kinds of hosts: nymphal instar 1 (24 h old), 2 (42 h), 3 (96 h), and 4 (144 h) of apterous virginoparae of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and nymphal instar 1 (24 h) of Macrosiphum creelii Davis (Homoptera: Aphididae). Parasitoid dry mass increased with the host instar at parasitization. Females were larger than males although the degree of sexual size dimorphism declined with increased host size. Development time from oviposition to adult eclosion varied non-linearly with the host instar at parasitization, and was shortest in first and fourth nymphal instars. Parasitoids developing in M. creelii gained more mass in less time than their counterparts developing in A. pisum of the same initial size. In low-quality hosts, parasitoids apparently trade off increased development time for a gain in adult mass. A possible explanation of sexual size dimorphism in E. californicus is that large females may be able to overcome aphid defensive behaviours better than small ones.

Male–male contests for mates, sexual size dimorphism, and sex ratio in a natural population of a solitary parasitoid

2013 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarete V. Macedo ◽  
Ricardo F. Monteiro ◽  
Mariana P. Silveira ◽  
Peter J. Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Solitary Parasitoid ◽  
Male Contests

Development time of male and female rotifers with sexual size dimorphism

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 767 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Wang Yin ◽  
Bing-Bing Tan ◽  
Yan-Chun Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Chun Li ◽  
Wei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Size Dimorphism

Using effects of parasitoid size on fitness to test a host quality model assumption with the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 1678-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.H. King ◽  
M.E. Napoleon
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Host Quality ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Male Size ◽  
Model Assumption ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Spalangia Endius

How body size affects fitness of males relative to females is relevant to understanding the evolution of sexual size dimorphism and maternal sex-ratio manipulation. In most parasitoid wasps, mothers oviposit a greater proportion of daughters in larger hosts. The host-quality model describes how this may be adaptive. A major assumption of the model is that host size has a greater effect on the fitness of daughters than of sons. The assumption has often been tested indirectly by examining the effects of parasitoid size on fitness, because a parasitoid’s size generally increases with the size of the host on which it develops. The validity of this indirect method is examined here for the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius Walker, 1839 parasitizing Musca domestica L., 1758. If the method is valid, effects of parasitoid size on fitness should match the effects of host size on fitness that were shown in a previous study. The effects matched in that both parasitoid size and host size affected the fitness of females but not of males. However, the aspects of female fitness that were affected differed. That female size but not male size affected fitness was consistent with the female-biased sexual size dimorphism of S. endius.

scholarly journals Proximate Causes of Rensch’s Rule: Does Sexual Size Dimorphism in Arthropods Result from Sex Differences in Development Time?

2007 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf U. Blanckenhorn ◽  
Anthony F. G. Dixon ◽  
Daphne J. Fairbairn ◽  
Matthias W. Foellmer ◽  
Patricia Gibert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Rensch’S Rule ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Rensch's Rule ◽  
Proximate Causes

SELF-SUPERPARASITISM IN THE SOLITARY PARASITOID MONOCTONUS PAULENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, APHIDIINAE): PROXIMATE MECHANISMS

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Chau ◽  
Manfred Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Host Instar ◽  
Egg Number ◽  
Solitary Parasitoid

AbstractMonoctonus paulensis (Ashmead) was reared in the laboratory on the four nymphal instars of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). Females frequently laid clutches of two eggs during a single ovipositor probe; however, clutches of more than two eggs were rare. The time needed to capture and position an aphid for oviposition increased with aphid instar but was independent of the number of eggs laid. Oviposition time was proportional to egg number, which shows that eggs were laid one at a time rather than clumped together as a package. Intensity of parasitism (i.e., number of eggs per parasitized host) increased with host instar but declined with the number of hosts attacked in quick succession. Our results suggest that clutch size in M. paulensis is not accidental but controlled by the female.

scholarly journals Proximate Causes of Rensch's Rule: Does Sexual Size Dimorphism in Arthropods Result from Sex Differences in Development Time?

2007 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanckenhorn ◽  
Anthony F. G. Dixon ◽  
Fairbairn ◽  
Foellmer ◽  
Gibert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Rensch’S Rule ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Rensch's Rule ◽  
Proximate Causes

Mating pattern, female reproduction and sexual size dimorphism in a narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla fissipes)

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-257
Author(s):  
Guo-Hua Ding ◽  
Yun Tang ◽  
Zhi-Hua Lin ◽  
Xiao-Li Fan ◽  
Li Wei
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mating Pattern ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The difference in body size and/or shape between males and females, called sexual size dimorphism, is widely accepted as the evolutionary consequence of the difference between reproductive roles. To study the mating pattern, female reproduction and sexual size dimorphism in a population of Microhyla fissipes, amplexus pairs were collected, and the snout-vent length of males and females, female reproductive traits and fertilization rate were measured. If the body size of amplexed females is larger than that of amplectant males, this is referred to as a female-larger pair, a phenomenon that was often observed for M. fissipes in this study. Interestingly, snout-vent length of males in male-larger pairs was greater than that in female-larger pairs, however the post-spawning body mass, clutch size, egg dry mass and clutch dry mass did not differ between both types of pairs. Snout-vent length of males was positively related to that of females in each amplexus pair. After accounting for the snout-vent lengths of females, we showed that snout-vent lengths of males in male-larger pairs were greater than those of females in female-larger pairs. The snout-vent length ratio of males and females was not related to fertilization rate in each amplexus pair. The mean fertilization rate was not different between both amplexus pairs. These results suggest that (1) M. fissipes displays female-biased sexual size dimorphism and has two amplexus types with size-assortative mating; (2) the snout-vent length ratio of males and females in each amplexus type was consistent with the inverse of Rensch’s rule, and was driven by the combined effect of sexual selection and fecundity selection; (3) females with a larger body size were preferred by males due to their higher fecundity, while the body size of males was not important for fertilization success.

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