BIRD DROPPINGS COMPETE WITH BAIT SPRAYS FOR RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (WALSH) FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Sylvia S. Cooley ◽  
Luis Galarza ◽  
Christopher Bergweiler ◽  
Carol R. Lauzon
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Bird Droppings ◽  
Barn Swallows ◽  
Insecticide Sprays

AbstractPublished studies have shown inconsistent effects of proteinaceous bait sprays against apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Explanations of inconsistency could involve the presence of natural food such as bird droppings competing with bait sprays for attraction of flies. Under field, semi-field, or laboratory conditions, we found that: (1) aqueous solutions of 10% proteinaceous bait (Nulure) were significantly more attractive than water to protein-denied but not to protein-provided apple maggot flies; (2) addition of 2% toxicant (malathion 50 EC) did not affect attractiveness of Nulure droplets but did significantly deter feeding by arriving protein-provided flies (though not protein-denied flies); (3) droppings collected from barn swallows, chickens, and unidentified birds on apple trees were significantly more attractive than solutions or droplets of Nulure to protein-denied flies; (4) droppings that were freshly deposited or fresh from cold storage were significantly less attractive than droppings held under ambient conditions for 1 or 2 days; (5) droppings allowed to dry for 1 day at 25 °C, 60% RH were no less attractive than droppings that received water to simulate dew or rainfall; and (6) droppings treated with antibiotics were significantly less attractive than droppings not treated with antibiotics, indicating that bacteria may be involved in generating attractive volatiles. Together, these findings suggest that in situations where natural sources of protein such as bird droppings or insect honeydew are abundant, apple maggot flies may be relatively unaffected by addition of proteinaceous bait to insecticide sprays.

Effect of solution acidity on the crystallization of polychromates in uranyl-bearing systems: synthesis and crystal structures of Rb2[(UO2)(Cr2O7)(NO3)2] and two new polymorphs of Rb2Cr3O10

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Nazarchuk ◽  
Oleg I. Siidra ◽  
Dmitry O. Charkin ◽  
Stepan N. Kalmykov ◽  
Elena L. Kotova
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Screw Axis ◽  
3D Framework ◽  
Solution Acidity

Abstract Three new rubidium polychromates, Rb2[(UO2)(Cr2O7)(NO3)2] (1), γ-Rb2Cr3O10 (2) and δ-Rb2Cr3O10 (3) were prepared by combination of hydrothermal treatment at 220 °C and evaporation of aqueous solutions under ambient conditions. Compound 1 is monoclinic, P 2 1 / c $P{2}_{1}/c$ , a = 13.6542(19), b = 19.698(3), c = 11.6984(17) Å, β = 114.326(2)°, V = 2867.0(7) Å3, R 1 = 0.040; 2 is hexagonal, P 6 3 / m $P{6}_{3}/m$ , a = 11.991(2), c = 12.828(3) Å, γ = 120°, V = 1597.3(5) Å3, R 1 = 0.031; 3 is monoclinic, P 2 1 / n $P{2}_{1}/n$ , a = 7.446(3), b = 18.194(6), c = 7.848(3) Å, β = 99.953(9)°, V = 1047.3(7) Å3, R 1 = 0.037. In the crystal structure of 1, UO8 bipyramids and NO3 groups share edges to form [(UO2)(NO3)2] species which share common corners with dichromate Cr2O7 groups producing novel type of uranyl dichromate chains [(UO2)(Cr2O7)(NO3)2]2−. In the structures of new Rb2Cr3O10 polymorphs, CrO4 tetrahedra share vertices to form Cr3O10 2− species. The trichromate groups are aligned along the 63 screw axis forming channels running in the ab plane in the structure of 2. The Rb cations reside between the channels and in their centers completing the structure. The trichromate anions are linked by the Rb+ cations into a 3D framework in the structure of 3. Effect of solution acidity on the crystallization of polychromates in uranyl-bearing systems is discussed.

scholarly journals Using a B-Phycoerythrin Extract as a Natural Colorant: Application in Milk-Based Products

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Ana Belén García ◽  
Eleonora Longo ◽  
Mª Carmen Murillo ◽  
Ruperto Bermejo
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Good Stability ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Natural Colorant ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Food Dyes ◽  
Ph Range

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in finding new coloring molecules of natural origin that can increase and diversify the offer of natural food dyes already present in the market. In the present work, a B-phycoerythrin extract from the microalgae Porphyridium cruentum was tested as a food colorant in milk-based products. Using spectroscopy and colorimetry, the extract was characterized and gave evidence of good properties and good stability in the pH range between 4.0 and 9.0. Coloring studies were conducted to demonstrate that samples carrying the pink extract could be used for simulating the pink color of marketed milk-based products. The staining factors, representing the amount of pink protein to be added to reproduce the color of strawberry commercial products, ranged between 1.6 mg/L and 49.5 mg/L, being sufficiently low in all samples. Additionally, color stability during a short period of cold storage was studied: it demonstrated that the three tested types of dairy products remained stable throughout the 11-day analysis period with no significant changes. These results prove the potential of the B-phycoerythrin extract as a natural colorant and alternative ingredient to synthetic coloring molecules.

Reduction of red colour in Starkrimson apples using calcium nitrate sprays

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Jones
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
And Storage

Experiments were conducted for two years in Southern Tasmania on Starkrimson apple trees in an attempt to lighten the unacceptable dark red colour of the fruit. Treatments consisted of spraying trees with zero (control), two, four, six and eight sprays of 0.5% w/w calcium nitrate. Sprays were applied at weekly intervals, each treatment being completed one week prior to a common harvest date. In both years calcium nitrate reduced red colouration, the magnitude of the reduction was dependent on the number of sprays. In 1976 the proportion of unacceptable apples was reduced from 40% to 13% by eight sprays of calcium nitrate. The proportion of unacceptable fruit was further reduced from 13% to 1% during cold storage and ripening. Colour did not develop strongly in 1977 and although the effects of calcium nitrate sprays and storage plus ripening were to reduce red colour they were of no practical significance. A further experiment in 1977 tested the effect of increasing the concentration of calcium nitrate from 0.5% to 1.0% and 1.5% w/w, in an effort to reduce the number of sprays. No significant colour reduction resulted from these treatments. Yield was not significantly affected by any treatment. Calcium nitrate sprays reduced the incidence of breakdown in the 1976 trials at the higher number of applications, but no difference was detected in 1977.

Morphology-dependent electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction on Ag triangular nanoplates

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (72) ◽  
pp. 10705-10708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Yan Gao ◽  
Yu-Chen Hao ◽  
Xin Su ◽  
Li-Wei Chen ◽  
Tong-An Bu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction

Ag triangle-nanoplates and potassium cations can synergistically promote electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation in aqueous solutions under ambient conditions.

Investigation of Cu(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions by NKF-6 zeolite

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhang ◽  
D. Zhao ◽  
L. Chen ◽  
X. J. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Outer Sphere ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Batch Technique ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
High Level ◽  
Positive Effect

Adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using NKF-6 zeolite was investigated by batch technique under ambient conditions. The adsorption was investigated as a function of pH, ionic strength, fulvic acid (FA), foreign ions and temperature. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) on NKF-6 zeolite gradually increases from 0 to 90% with increasing pH at pH<6.5, and maintains high level at pH>6.5. Outer-sphere complexation or ion exchange may be the main adsorption mechanism of Cu(II) to NKF-6 zeolite at low pH values, whereas the adsorption of Cu(II) at pH>6.5 is mainly dominated by inner-sphere complexation or precipitation. A positive effect of FA on Cu(II) adsorption onto NKF-6 zeolite is observed at low pH values, while a negative effect of FA is observed at high pH values. The thermodynamic parameters (i.e., ΔH0, ΔS0 and ΔG0) for the adsorption of Cu(II) were determined from the temperature dependent isotherms at 20, 40 and 60°C, respectively, and the results indicated that the adsorption reaction is favoured at low temperature. The results suggested that the adsorption process of Cu(II) on NKF-6 zeolite is spontaneous and exothermic.

scholarly journals Response of Micropropagated Apple Trees to Field Establishment Procedures

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1364-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Growth, flowering, and fruiting of micropropagated `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) transferred in Spring 1983 to the field from either a nursery, cold storage, or greenhouse were compared. First-year shoot and trunk growth was greatest for trees transplanted from the nursery and least for trees that were held in the greenhouse before being transferred to the field. Trees pruned low (35 cm) at planting time had more terminal shoot growth and less trunk cross-sectional area after the first growing season than those pruned high (90 cm). The effect of preplanting cultural practices on vegetative growth diminished in the 2nd year and disappeared by the end of the 3rd year in the orchard. Flowering began in 1985 and was only slightly affected by preplanting cultural practices and pruning treatments. Fruiting was not affected by the treatments.

scholarly journals The Influence of Aqueous Se(IV) on the Stability of Different CaCO3 Polymorphs Precipitated under Ambient Conditions

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Angeles Fernandez-Gonzalez ◽  
Alba Lozano-Letellier ◽  
Begoña Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Calcium Carbonates ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
The Stability

Selenium is an essential bio-element, but because of its bioaccumulation potential, it can become toxic and is an important pollutant. The ubiquitous mineral calcite (CaCO3) has the ability to immobilize anions as SeO32− by different sorption or coprecipitation processes. Experimental studies have found that SeO32− can incorporate in the crystal structure of calcite by substituting CO32−. The presence of foreign ions in aqueous solution strongly affects CaCO3 precipitation, helping stabilize less stable polymorphs such as vaterite and aragonite or hydrated phases. In this work, we studied the aging process of calcium carbonates precipitated from aqueous solutions highly supersaturated with respect to CaCO3 and slightly supersaturated with respect to CaSeO3·H2O under ambient conditions, for times up to 30 days in which solids were kept in the remaining aqueous solution. Under these conditions, CaCO3 precipitated mainly as low crystallinity vaterite aggregates that hosted up to 16% atomic ratio Se:C. Vaterite purified and increased its crystallinity with aging time, but the vaterite–calcite transformation was strongly inhibited. The incorporation of Se(IV) in vaterite did not significantly affect the cell parameters or the external morphology of the aggregates. The precipitation of selenite as CaSeO3·H2O was conditioned by the availability of free Ca2+ and SeO32− that was not previously incorporated into precipitated carbonates.

scholarly journals Resolving the Equal Number Density Puzzle: Molecular Picture from Simulations of LiCl(aq) and NaCl(aq)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Nguyen Thi Hong ◽  
Ondrej Tichacek ◽  
Hector Martinez-Seara ◽  
Philip E. Mason ◽  
Pavel Jungwirth
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Identical Number ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Alkali Chlorides ◽  
Molecular Picture

The change in number densities of aqueous solutions of alkali chlorides should be qualitatively predictable. Typically, as cations get bigger the number density of the solution decreases. However, aqueous solutions of lithium and sodium chloride exhibit at ambient conditions practically identical number densities at equal molalities despite different ionic sizes. Here, we provide an atomistic interpretation of this experimentally observed anomalous behavior using molecular dynamics simulations. The obtained results show that rigidity of the Li<sup>+</sup> first and second solvation shells and associated compromised hydrogen bonding result in practically equal average water densities in the local hydration regions for Li+ and Na+ despite different sizes of the cations. In addition, in more distant regions from the cations, the water densities of these two solutions also coincide. These findings thus provide an atomistic interpretation for matching number densities of LiCl and NaCl solutions. In contrast, the number density differences between NaCl and KCl solutions, as well as between LiCl and KCl solutions behave in a regular fashion with lower number densities of solutions observed for larger cations.

Effect of apple-orchard structure on interception of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies by odor-baited traps

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Rull ◽  
Ronald J. Prokopy
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Large Trees

AbstractWe released marked mature male flies of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), inside and outside of square blocks of apple trees, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), to test the effect of orchard structure on the interception of flies by odor-baited red-sphere traps. The blocks were composed of large trees planted at low density, medium-sized trees planted at medium density, or small trees planted at high density. The experiment was carried out in six commercial apple orchards during summer in 1997 and 1998. Released flies moving into blocks were intercepted in large proportions by baited perimeter traps, thus preventing fly penetration into sphere-protected blocks. In 1997, proportions of intercepted flies were higher for traps in blocks of small and medium-sized trees than for traps in blocks of large trees. In 1998, a year with an unusually low fruit load, interception remained high, but there were no differences in proportions of flies intercepted by perimeter traps among blocks of trees of different sizes. Overall we conclude that the tendency of apple growers in Massachusetts to replace large trees planted at low density with small or medium-sized trees planted at high or medium density will not adversely affect behavioral control programs for apple maggot flies. In fact, this practice may enhance the effectiveness of these programs through increased interception of immigrant adults.

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