ROOT MAGGOT DAMAGE TO CANOLA AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF DELIA SPP. (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) IN MANITOBA

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Turnock ◽  
B. Timlick ◽  
B.E. Galka ◽  
P. Palaniswamy
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cabbage Root Maggot ◽  
Root Maggot ◽  
Agricultural Regions ◽  
Increasing Precipitation

AbstractThe cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum (L.), was the only Delia species capable of attacking undamaged roots of canola [oilseed rape, Brassica napus (L.)] that was found in commercial fields in Manitoba. Adults of the overwintering generation infest canola. Their progeny, adults of the first generation, left the maturing plants after completing a single generation. Root maggot damage occurred in fields in all agricultural regions of the province. The mean percentage of the roots with damage was higher in the more northerly agricultural regions (15.8%) than in the south (8.0%). Most of the damage was light and the damage did not visibly affect the growth or vigour of the plants. Foot rot fungi were not associated with the feeding damage. In cage experiments, the seed yield of canola did not decrease with increasing proportions of plants damaged by D. radicum. The percentage of plants with root maggot damage (DAM) was best described in a polynomial by the mean daily air temperature (TEMP) and the total precipitation (RAIN) for June and July:log(DAM + 1)=–12.3 + 0.66 TEMP + 0.09 RAIN – 0.004(TEMP × RAIN).The level of damage caused by the larvae of D. radicum to canola in commercial fields during the years 1985 through 1988 did not appear to have caused yield losses. However, the level of damage increased with increasing precipitation and temperature during June and July so a series of favourable years could lead to increased damage and possibly to significant yield losses.

INTERPOPULATION DIFFERENCES IN THE COLDHARDINESS OF DELIA RADICUM (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Turnock ◽  
G. Boivin ◽  
R.A. Ring
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Founder Populations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cabbage Root Maggot ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Root Maggot

AbstractThe cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum (L.), was introduced to North America in the mid-1800s, likely from northwestern Europe, and probably reached Quebec and British Columbia before 1885 and Manitoba by 1922. The mean temperature of crystallization (Tc) for overwintering pupae was −22.8 ± 1.2 °C for the St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, population and −23.8 ± 0.7 °C for the Vancouver, British Columbia, population. The mean Tc for these two populations and for Winnipeg, Manitoba (−24.4 °C), Ascot, England (−22.8 °C), Tallinn, Estonia (−25.2 °C), and St. Petersburg, Russia (ca. −20 °C), did not show any relation to mean January temperatures. These locations represent both temperate oceanic and temperate continental climates and a range of mean January temperatures from +4.6 to −17.7 °C. Survival of puparia from St-Jean-sur-Richelieu exposed to nonfreezing temperatures decreased as temperature decreased and exposure time lengthened. The parameters for the regression equations describing this relationship were similar to those describing the Winnipeg population, and both were more coldhardy than the Ascot population. The upper limit of the cold injury zone (ULCIZ) for the St-Jean-sur-Richelieu population was −12.7 °C and the lower limit of this zone (LLCIZ) was −27.6 °C. Coldhardy populations from temperate continental climates (St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Winnipeg) showed a rate of decrease in survival with increased cold stress (lower temperature, longer exposure) within the cold injury zone which was much slower than in the less coldhardy population (Ascot). Thus, some individuals from the coldhardy populations would be physiologically capable of surviving exposure to temperatures below Tc, whereas in the Ascot population nonfreezing injury would kill all the overwintering puparia at a temperature (−19.6 °C) well above Tc (−22.8 °C). The observed survival of puparia from Vancouver, following various nonfreezing exposures, resembled more closely the calculated survival for these exposures when the equations describing the Ascot population were used than when the equations for Winnipeg or St-Jean-sur-Richelieu were used. The Ascot and Vancouver populations, both from temperate oceanic climates, are less coldhardy than the populations from St-Jean-sur-Richelieu and Winnipeg (temperate continental climates). The founder populations of D. radicum in North America, which probably originated in the temperate oceanic climates of northwestern Europe, have adapted to the colder temperate continental climates by increasing their ability to survive longer exposures to all temperatures within the cold injury zone and not by lowering Tc. Therefore, selection for coldhardiness in D. radicum must have operated on structures, processes, or physiological-biochemical mechanisms that help the organism to avoid or repair nonfreezing cold injury but not on those that determine Tc.

scholarly journals Erroneous records of Aleochara bipustulata from North America: an assessment of the evidence

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Hemachandra ◽  
N.J. Holliday ◽  
J. Klimaszewski ◽  
P.G. Mason ◽  
U. Kuhlmann
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Museum Specimens ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Aleochara Bilineata ◽  
Palearctic Species ◽  
Cabbage Root Maggot ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Root Maggot

AbstractAleochara bipustulata (L., 1761) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a Palearctic species and a natural enemy of the cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum (L., 1758) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). It has been identified as a candidate for introduction to Canada for classical biological control of D. radicum. Recent taxonomic studies assert that A. bipustulata is absent from the Nearctic; however, there are numerous publications reporting the presence of the species in North America. We examined voucher material relating to these publications and additional museum specimens labeled as A. bipustulata. In addition, we reared Aleochara spp. from D. radicum puparia collected in the Canadian prairie provinces. Specimens that, based on external anatomy, could be A. bipustulata were definitively identified using characters of the genitalia. All of the 141 museum specimens labeled A. bipustulata were found to be Aleochara verna Say, 1836. A total of 811 individuals of Aleochara spp. were reared from D. radicum puparia; of these, 690 were Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal, 1810, 121 were A. verna, and none were A. bipustulata. We have found no evidence that A. bipustulata occurs in North America.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of cabbage root maggot (Delia radicum) and clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) in winter oilseed rape crops in the Czech Republic

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Hlavjenka Vojtěch ◽  
Seidenglanz Marek ◽  
Dufek Aleš ◽  
Šefrová Hana
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Cabbage Root Maggot ◽  
Root Maggot

The amount and spatial distribution of plants afflicted with cabbage root maggot (Delia radicum; CRM) and clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) in winter oilseed rape crops were assessed in the Olomouc region (Northern Moravia, Czech Republic) over the course of 2012–2014. A total of 16 commercial rape fields were included in the assessments. Plants with tumours showed a significantly lower (P < 0.001) level of infestation induced by CRM (24% of plants infested) compared to plants without tumours (37% of plants infested). According to a generalised linear mixed model, plants with thicker hypocotyls are predisposed to significantly higher levels (P < 0.001) of root surface damage induced by CRM. The correlation analysis indicates rather weak or intermediate levels of correlation between the two variables (hypocotyls thickness × root surface damage induced by CRM). Both CRM and clubroot symptomatic plants showed a significant tendency for aggregation in rape crops, but not in all cases. Distributions of CRM and clubroot symptomatic plants were either significantly spatially dissociated or not associated in crops. Ovipositing D. radicum females showed some tendency to avoid zones with higher number of plants infected by P. brassicae. Distributions of CRM and hypocotyl thickness levels were significantly spatially associated in crops in several cases.

scholarly journals Characterization of Maize Genotypes (Zea mays L.) for Resistance to Striga asiatica and S. hermonthica and Compatibility with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (FOS) in Tanzania

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
John Lobulu ◽  
Hussein Shimelis ◽  
Mark D. Laing ◽  
Arnold Angelo Mushongi ◽  
Admire Isaac Tichafa Shayanowako
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Mean

Striga species cause significant yield loss in maize varying from 20 to 100%. The aim of the present study was to screen and identify maize genotypes with partial resistance to S. hermonthica (Sh) and S. asiatica (Sa) and compatible with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (FOS), a biocontrol agent. Fifty-six maize genotypes were evaluated for resistance to Sh and Sa, and FOS compatibility. Results showed that FOS treatment significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced Striga management compared to the untreated control under both Sh and Sa infestations. The mean grain yield was reduced by 19.13% in FOS-untreated genotypes compared with a loss of 13.94% in the same genotypes treated with FOS under Sh infestation. Likewise, under Sa infestation, FOS-treated genotypes had a mean grain yield reduction of 18% while untreated genotypes had a mean loss of 21.4% compared to the control treatment. Overall, based on Striga emergence count, Striga host damage rating, grain yield and FOS compatibility, under Sh and Sa infestations, 23 maize genotypes carrying farmer preferred traits were identified. The genotypes are useful genetic materials in the development of Striga-resistant cultivars in Tanzania and related agro-ecologies.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics Used to Predict Virulence Factors and Metabolic Genes among Monilinia Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Marina Marcet-Houben ◽  
Maria Villarino ◽  
Laura Vilanova ◽  
Antonieta De Cal ◽  
Jan A. L. van Kan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Significant Yield

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp., is among the most important diseases in stone fruits, and some pome fruits (mainly apples). This disease is responsible for significant yield losses, particularly in stone fruits, when weather conditions favorable for disease development appear. To achieve future sustainable strategies to control brown rot on fruit, one potential approach will be to characterize genomic variation among Monilinia spp. to define, among others, the capacity to infect fruit in this genus. In the present work, we performed genomic and phylogenomic comparisons of five Monilinia species and inferred differences in numbers of secreted proteins, including CAZy proteins and other proteins important for virulence. Duplications specific to Monilinia were sparse and, overall, more genes have been lost than gained. Among Monilinia spp., low variability in the CAZome was observed. Interestingly, we identified several secondary metabolism clusters based on similarity to known clusters, and among them was a cluster with homology to pyriculol that could be responsible for the synthesis of chloromonilicin. Furthermore, we compared sequences of all strains available from NCBI of these species to assess their MAT loci and heterokaryon compatibility systems. Our comparative analyses provide the basis for future studies into understanding how these genomic differences underlie common or differential abilities to interact with the host plant.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Antibiosis Resistance to the Dectes Stem Borer, Dectes texanus, in Soybean PI165673

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Lina M. Aguirre-Rojas ◽  
Lawrent L. Buschman ◽  
Brian McCornack ◽  
William T. Schapaugh ◽  
Erin D. Scully ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Antibiosis Resistance

Dectes texanus larvae girdles the stems of soybean and cultivated sunflowers causing significant yield losses in North America. The soybean Plant Introduction (PI) 165673 exhibits antibiosis resistance to the larval stage. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the inheritance of D. texanus resistance in PI165673; (2) evaluate PI165673 antibiosis resistance before 21 d post infestation; (3) evaluate girdling damage in PI16563 at the end of the season. K07-1544/PI165673 F2 and F2:3 populations were tested for resistance to D. texanus in 2011 and 2012, and PI165673 antibiosis resistance and girdling damage were evaluated in 2014. Segregation for resistance to D. texanus and heritability estimates in the F2 and F2:3 populations indicated that resistance was controlled by two genes with dominant and recessive epistasis. Antibiosis evaluations indicated: (1) PI165673 contained lower number of larvae and eggs relative to the number of oviposition punctures at 15 d post infestation; (2) the proportion of first-instar larvae was higher in PI165673 at 15 d post infestation; (3) larvae reach the sixth-instar stage in PI165673. None of the PI165673 plants were girdled at the end of the season. Identification of additional sources of D. texanus resistance is required to impair larval development in the stem.

Fungicide efficacy on tar spot and yield of corn in the Midwestern United States

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darcy E. P. Telenko ◽  
Martin I. Chilvers ◽  
Adam Byrne ◽  
Jill Check ◽  
Camila Rocco Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Tar Spot ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Foliar Fungicide

Tar spot of corn caused by Phyllachora maydis has recently led to significant yield losses in the eastern corn belt of the Midwestern United States. Foliar fungicides containing quinone outside inhibitors(QoI), demethylation inhibitors(DMI), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors(SDHI) are commonly used to manage foliar diseases in corn. To mitigate the losses from tar spot thirteen foliar fungicides containing single or multiple modes of action (MOA/FRAC groups) were applied at their recommended rates in a single application at the standard tassel/silk growth stage timing to evaluate their efficacy against tar spot in a total of eight field trials in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin during 2019 and 2020. The single MOA fungicides included either a QoI or DMI. The dual MOA fungicides included a DMI with either a QoI or SDHI, and fungicides containing three MOAs included a QoI, DMI, and SDHI. Tar spot severity estimated as the percentage of leaf area covered by P. maydis stroma of the non-treated control at dent growth stage ranged from 1.6 to 23.3% on the ear leaf. Averaged across eight field trials all foliar fungicide treatments reduced tar spot severity, but only prothioconazole+trifloxystrobin, mefentrifluconazole+pyraclostrobin+fluxapyroxad, and mefentrifluconazole+pyraclostrobin significantly increased yield over the non-treated control. When comparing fungicide treatments by the number of MOAs foliar fungicide products that had two or three MOAs decreased tar spot severity over not treating and products with one MOA. The fungicide group that contained all three MOAs significantly increased yield over not treating with a fungicide or using a single MOA.

Do applications of sulfur or sulfate influence infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola?

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dosdall ◽  
R. -C. Yang ◽  
P. M. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Root Maggot ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

While the importance of sulfur nutrition for the development of healthy stands of canola is well documented, the role of sulfur in the management of insect pest infestations has not previously been investigated in this crop. Field experiments were conducted at three sites in central Alberta in 1997 and 1998 to determine the influence of sulfur and sulfate applications on infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola (Brassica rapa L.). Different formulations (granules, powder, prills, and sprays), application methods (either drilled in with the seed or top-dressed on the soil surface), and application rates were evaluated. To assess the degree of root maggot infestation, oviposition throughout the season and damage to taproots at the end of the season were monitored. Sulfur contents were analyzed from leaf samples collected mid-season and seed yields were measured from all treatment plots. Root maggot responses to the different sulfur treatments and application methods varied among years and sites, indicating that environmental factors have great importance in determining infestation levels by these pests, and the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in soil. Sulfur formulation and application rate had significant effects on root maggot egg deposition and root damage for some sites and years, but even at high rates of application (112 kg ha-1) reductions in infestation levels were not substantial relative to the controls. While sulfur additions alone will not greatly reduce root maggot infestation levels in canola, growers should employ adequate sulfur nutrition for optimum crop health to enable plants to better compensate for damage by these pests. Key words: Brassica rapa, Delia radicum, Delia floralis, elemental sulfur, sulfate, canola

Seed damage and sources of yield loss by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in resistant wheat varietal blends relative to susceptible wheat cultivars in western Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A.H. Smith ◽  
I.L. Wise ◽  
S.L. Fox ◽  
C.L. Vera ◽  
R.M. DePauw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Wheat Midge

AbstractSpring wheat varieties with the Sm1 gene for resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were compared with susceptible wheat (Triticum Linnaeus; Poaceae) with respect to sources of yield loss and reduction in market value from wheat midge feeding damage. Four resistant varietal blends (90% Sm1 wheat plus 10% susceptible refuge) and four susceptible cultivars were grown in replicated experiments at eight locations in western Canada. Frequencies and 1000-kernel weights of undamaged and midge-damaged seeds were assessed before harvest by dissecting samples of ripe spikes, and after harvest in samples of cleaned grain. Spike data were used to estimate yield losses from reduced weight of damaged seeds and loss of severely damaged seeds (⩽8 mg) at harvest. Among midge-damaged seeds in spikes, few were severely damaged in resistant varietal blends, whereas most were severely damaged in susceptible cultivars. Cleaned, harvested grain of resistant varietal blends and susceptible cultivars had similar frequencies of midge damage and were assessed similar market grades. The primary benefit of midge-resistant wheat was reduced yield loss due to seed damage by wheat midge larvae. Resistant wheat did not protect against loss of market grade, but market value could increase due to larger yields.

scholarly journals Response of Sensitive and Resistant Snap Bean Genotypes to Nighttime Ozone Concentration

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 331-339
Author(s):  
Kirsten L. Lloyd ◽  
Donald D. Davis ◽  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Age ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Stirred Tank Reactors ◽  
First Results ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Impact

Effects of nighttime (2000 to 0700 hr) O3 on the pod mass of sensitive (S156) and resistant (R123) snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes were assessed using continuous stirred tank reactors located within a greenhouse. Two concentration-response relationship trials were designed to evaluate yield response to nighttime O3 exposure (10 to 265 ppb) in combination with daytime exposure at background levels (44 and 62 ppb). Three replicated trials tested the impact of nighttime O3 treatment at means of 145, 144, and 145 ppb on yields. In addition, stomatal conductance (gS) measurements documented diurnal variations and assessed the effects of genotype and leaf age. During the concentration-response experiments, pod mass had a significant linear relationship with the nighttime O3 concentration across genotypes. Yield losses of 15% and 50% occurred at nighttime exposure levels of ≈45 and 145 ppb, respectively, for S156, whereas R123 yields decreased by 15% at ≈150 ppb. At low nighttime O3 levels of ≈100 ppb, R123 yields initially increased up to 116% of the treatment that received no added nighttime O3, suggesting a potential hormesis effect for R123, but not for S156. Results from replicated trials revealed significant yield losses in both genotypes following combined day and night exposure, whereas night-only exposure caused significant decreases only for S156. The gS rates ranged from less than 100 mmol·m−2·s−1 in the evening to midday levels more than 1000 mmol·m−2·s−1. At sunrise and sunset, S156 had significantly higher gS rates than R123, suggesting a greater potential O3 flux into leaves. Across genotypes, younger rapidly growing leaves had higher gS rates than mature fully expanded leaves when evaluated at four different times during the day. Although these were long-term trials, gS measurements and observations of foliar injury development suggest that acute injury, occurring at approximately the time of sunrise, also may have contributed to yield losses. To our knowledge, these are the first results to confirm that the relative O3 sensitivity of the S156/R123 genotypes is valid for nighttime exposure.

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