ALLOZYME VARIATION IN HALICTUS RUBICUNDUS (CHRIST): A PRIMITIVELY SOCIAL HALICTINE BEE (HYMENOPTERA: HALICTIDAE)

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (12) ◽  
pp. 1049-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Packer ◽  
Robin E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Eusocial Bees ◽  
Primitively Eusocial

AbstractHalictus rubicundus (Christ) is a primitively eusocial halictine bee. Studies of electrophoretic variation at 48 loci for 37 enzymes with an average of 38 bees per locus provided an expected heterozygosity of 0.038 ± 0.018 for a population from Vancouver, B.C. This value is well within the range found for other primitively eusocial bees and wasps. Comparisons of allozyme mobilities made among samples from France, Alberta, and Vancouver indicated that there are some genetic differences, with the French sample appearing particularly distinct. The loci Diaph, G3pdh-1, and 6Pgd-1 had variants with both alleles at high frequency within the Vancouver population. These loci could provide good estimates of the average relatedness between nest mates.

Genetic variation in allozymes of western larch

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Fins ◽  
Lisa W. Seeb
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Drift ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Glacial History ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
Inland Empire ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
History Of

Seed samples from 19 stands of Larixoccidentalis Nutt. were analyzed for electrophoretic variation at 23 loci. Because sample sizes consisted of only 9 or 10 trees per stand (18–20 alleles per locus per stand), samples were grouped by geographic proximity into four larger samples. For all measures of variation, this species scored lower than most, but within the range observed for other western conifers. Most of the variation was found within rather than between the population groups. The single southern sample appeared to be genetically distinct from the others. Although some variation was observed between individual stand samples in expected heterozygosity, the consistently low values for all samples suggest that genetic drift has played a major role in the genetic history of the species in the Inland Empire, both through its glacial history in postulated refugia and through fire history in recent times.

Patterns of allozyme variation within and among Douglas-fir breeding zones in southwest Oregon

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Merkle ◽  
W. T. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Breeding Zone ◽  
Southwest Oregon ◽  
Environmental Distance

Gametophytes from wind-pollinated seeds of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) parent trees (mean 56) in each of 22 breeding zones in southwest Oregon were analyzed electrophoretically for gene frequency patterns at 27 loci. Allozyme variability levels were high, as shown by breeding-zone averages for the percentage of polymorphic loci (71.7%, 0.99 criterion), mean number of alleles per locus (2.46), and expected heterozygosity (0.178). Differences among zones in allele frequency were significant (p < 0.05) for only 2 of the 27 loci surveyed, and analysis of hierarchical population structure showed that less than 1% of genetic diversity was attributable to differences among breeding zones. Genetic distance between zones was small [Formula: see text] and, in general, bore no relation to geographical or environmental distance. The limited allozyme differentiation among zones contrasts strikingly with the environment-related variation in seedling quantitative traits previously reported for southwest Oregon Douglas-fir. Allozymes do not appear to be useful for mapping patterns of adaptive variation or for certifying Douglas-fir seed in this region.

The mating system and genic diversity in Martínez spruce, an extremely rare endemic of México's Sierra Madre Oriental: an example of facultative selfing and survival in interglacial refugia

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1156-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Thomas Ledig ◽  
Basilio Bermejo-Velázquez ◽  
Paul D Hodgskiss ◽  
David R Johnson ◽  
Celestino Flores-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Fixation Indices ◽  
Rare Endemic ◽  
Genic Diversity ◽  
Total Genic Diversity ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

Martínez spruce (Picea martínezii T.F. Patterson) is a conifer currently passing through a bottleneck, reduced to a few relict populations totaling less than 800 trees. We used isozyme markers to analyze the mating system and survey the level of genic diversity in two populations. The mating system was characterized by a high frequency of selfing. The multilocus outcrossing rates (tm) and 95% confidence intervals were only 0.399 (0.197 < tm < 0.601) for the smallest population and 0.589 (0.475 < tm < 0.703) or 0.685 (0.465 < tm < 0.905), depending on year, for the largest. These are among the lowest rates of outcrossing observed in conifers. The fixation indices for the two populations were -0.058 and 0.121, less than expected for such high levels of selfing. Expected heterozygosity, unbiased He, based on 22 loci in 13 enzyme systems, was 0.121 and 0.101 in the two populations. The proportion of the total genic diversity between populations, FST, was 2.4%. Nm, the number of migrants per generation, was about 1.00 or 10.17, depending on the method of estimation. The time since the two populations were isolated was estimated from Nei's genetic distance as only 150 to 15 000 years, which is consistent with a hypothesis of population collapse during late Pleistocene or Holocene warming. We discuss the implications for conservation.

scholarly journals Clonal diversity ofStreptococcus pyogeneswithin some M-types revealed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis

1994 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Haase ◽  
A. Melder ◽  
J. D. Mathews ◽  
D. J. Kemp ◽  
M. Adams
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Group A ◽  
Heavy Loads ◽  
Relationship Of

SUMMARYTwenty-two reference isolates and 30 local isolates of group A Streptococci were classified into 36 electrophoretic types (ET) on the basis of allozyme variation at 27 enzyme loci. Local isolates were characterized by a high frequency of M-non typable strains. M-type and ET were more closely associated in local isolates from an endemically-infected population; nevertheless, amongst the local isolates there were also strains of the same ET type with different M-types. A possible explanation is that genetic exchange between strains may introduce different M-types into strains of defined ET when these are exposed to strong selection in the presence of heavy loads of infection.In contrast to the reported clustering of strains associated with toxic shock-like syndrome into two closely related ET clones, we found no relationship of ET phenotype to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis or rheumatic fever.

Allozyme variation and geographic differentiation in the Chilean leptodactylid frog Batrachyla taeniata (Girard, 1854)

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lila Brieva ◽  
J. Ramón Formas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Geographic Differentiation ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
Statistics Analysis ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
The Mean ◽  
F Statistics

AbstractElectrophoretic variation in proteins encoded by 15 loci was analyzed in nine populations of the Chilean leptodactylid frog Batrachyla taeniata. The overall proportion of polymorphic loci was estimated to be 16.2% and the average number of alleles per locus, 1.18. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities for the populations were 0.9% and 5.9%, respectively. The average Rogers genetic distance among pairs of populations was 0.105. F statistics analysis showed high levels of genetic subdivision (Fst = 0.450). An isolation-by-distance test indicated significant correlation between genetic and geographical distance. Resumen. Se analizó la variabilidad electroforética de proteínas codificadas por 15 loci en nueve poblaciones de la rana leptodactílida chilena Batrachyla taeniata. La proporción general de loci polimórficos se estimó en 16,2% y el número promedio de alelos por locus en 1,18. Las heterocigosidades observadas y esperadas promedio fueron 0,9% y 5,9% respectivamente. El promedio de la distancia de Rogers entre pares de poblaciones fue 0,105. El análisis estadístico de F mostró altos niveles de subdivisión genética (Fst = 0,450). El análisis del aislamiento por distancia indicó una correlación significativa entre la distancia genética y la distancia geográfica.

Range-wide patterns of allozyme variation in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii)

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
W. T. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Major Exception ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographical Locations

Seeds from 104 geographical locations throughout the range of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were analyzed at 20 enzyme loci to determine patterns of genetic variation and to make phylogenetic inferences. On average, the populations were polymorphic at 37% of the loci (range 5.0–65.0). Mean expected heterozygosity was 0.137 (range 0.021–0.239). Of the total genie diversity (HT = 0.182) observed, 24% was due to differentiation among populations. One Mexican population was genetically distinct from the rest of the species, which suggests the possibility of additional Pseudotsuga species in Mexico. The rest of the populations clustered into two groups corresponding to the recognized coastal and interior varieties. In addition, the interior variety separated into northern and southern subgroups near 44° latitude. Transition zones between the varieties were found to be narrower and more abrupt than has been suggested previously. Populations within the coastal variety and the northern interior subgroup averaged higher expected heterozygosity than the southern interior subgroup, but in the southern interior subgroup, populations were much more highly differentiated. Allozyme variation followed a latitudinal cline in the interior variety, but only weak geographical patterning was observed in the coastal variety. In general, genetic diversity decreased towards the periphery of the species range. Range-wide patterns of allozyme variation were similar to those in terpene studies, with the major exception that the Sierra Nevada seed sources in this study were closely aligned with the coastal variety rather than with the interior variety. Range-wide patterns of genetic variation in Douglas-fir largely reflect the evolutionary history of the species as revealed by paleobotanical studies.

Comparative morphology of spermathecae in solitary and primitively eusocial bees (Hymenoptera; Apoidea)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Pabalan ◽  
K. G. Davey ◽  
Laurence Packer
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Epithelial Cell Layer ◽  
Eusocial Bees ◽  
Spermathecal Gland ◽  
Primitively Eusocial

Spermathecae of solitary and primitively eusocial bees from five major families were compared according to their chamber size, epithelial cell height (wall thickness), number and shape of glands, number of sperm pumps, and diameter of the duct, using whole mounts and serial sections. A thick spermathecal wall with a small chamber in our exemplar colletid, megachilid, and andrenid bees, a large chamber with a thick wall in social Apidae, and a thin wall with a large chamber in social halictids indicate that a big chamber may be associated with increased colony size. A thin epithelium in the receptacle of halictid bees suggests relegation of spermathecal secretion to the spermathecal gland. A relatively thick spermathecal wall in the Apinae indicates the potential importance of both the epithelial cell layer of the receptacle and the enlarged spermathecal gland in maintaining large numbers of stored sperm. There was one sperm pump in all taxa surveyed except the representative Halictidae, in which this structure was paired. Elongated spermathecal glands may typify the spermathecae of eusocial bees.

Behavioral Control of Workers by Queens in Primitively Eusocial Bees

Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 195 (4279) ◽  
pp. 694-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. BREED ◽  
G. J. GAMBOA
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Eusocial Bees ◽  
Primitively Eusocial
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