PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF GENETICS OF HYBRID STERILITY IN CROSSES OF GLOSSINA PALPALIS PALPALIS (ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY) AND GLOSSINA PALPALIS GAMBIENSIS VANDERPLANK

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 997-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Palpalis ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Chromosome Marker ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Gambiensis ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

AbstractGlossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank hybridized readily in the laboratory but hybridized females produced fewer offspring than did females that mated with their own kind. Most hybrid females were fertile when backcrossed to either G. p. palpalis or G. p. gambiensis but almost all hybrid males were sterile. About half of the backcross males were able to fertilize G. p. palpalis and G. p. gambiensis. By using an X chromosome marker gene, tan, evidence was obtained that the X chromosome is involved in hybrid male sterility, either through interaction with the Y chromosome or the autosomes of the other subspecies. There was no evidence for maternally inherited sterility factors of a type that confer unidirectional sterility on hybrid or backcross males.

Genetic analysis of hybrid sterility in crosses of the tsetse flies Glossina palpalis palpalis and Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1109-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Palpalis ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

Reciprocal crosses of Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank and Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) were carried out using flies that had four marker genes on the X chromosome, two in linkage group II and one in linkage group III: The results of the reciprocal crosses conformed to Haldane's rule: F1 males were sterile and most F1 females were fertile. F1 females mated to G. p. gambiensis were more likely to be fertilized than females that were mated to G. p. palpalis. In three of the four experiments, the fertility of backcross females was not significantly different from that of F1 females, and there was little evidence that specific chromosomal combinations influenced the fertility of backcross females. Intrachromosomal recombination was lower in hybrid females than in G. p. palpalis. The major genetic factor associated with sterility among backcross males was the presence of sex chromosomes from two subspecies; a minor factor was the number of heterozygous autosomes, but interactions between sex chromosomes and autosomes from different taxa did not contribute to hybrid male sterility. Evidence is presented that a major factor causing hybrid male sterility lies between the loci tan (an eye color) and Est-t (testicular esterase) on the X chromosome. The use of differences between the fertility of males produced by backcrossing F1 females to the two parental subspecies as indicators that other X chromosome loci have a role in hybrid sterility is discussed.

scholarly journals Genetics of hybrid male sterility between drosophila sibling species: a complex web of epistasis is revealed in interspecific studies.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
M F Palopoli ◽  
C I Wu
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Common Component ◽  
Drosophila Mauritiana ◽  
Linkage Relationships

Abstract To study the genetic differences responsible for the sterility of their male hybrids, we introgressed small segments of an X chromosome from Drosophila simulans into a pure Drosophila mauritiana genetic background, then assessed the fertility of males carrying heterospecific introgressions of varying size. Although this analysis examined less than 20% of the X chromosome (roughly 5% of the euchromatic portion of the D. simulans genome), and the segments were introgressed in only one direction, a minimum of four factors that contribute to hybrid male sterility were revealed. At least two of the factors exhibited strong epistasis: males carrying either factor alone were consistently fertile, whereas males carrying both factors together were always sterile. Distinct spermatogenic phenotypes were observed for sterile introgressions of different lengths, and it appeared that an interaction between introgressed segments also influenced the stage of spermatogenic defect. Males with one category of introgression often produced large quantities of motile sperm and were observed copulating, but never inseminated females. Evidently these two species have diverged at a large number of loci which have varied effects on hybrid male fertility. By extrapolation, we estimate that there are at least 40 such loci on the X chromosome alone. Because these species exhibit little DNA-sequence divergence at arbitrarily chosen loci, it seems unlikely that the extensive functional divergence observed could be due mainly to random genetic drift. Significant epistasis between conspecific genes appears to be a common component of hybrid sterility between recently diverged species of Drosophila. The linkage relationships of interacting factors could shed light on the role played by epistatic selection in the dynamics of the allele substitutions responsible for reproductive barriers between species.

scholarly journals The Genetics of Reproductive Isolation in the Drosophila simulans Clade: X vs. Autosomal Effects and Male vs. Female Effects

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 1243-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope Hollocher ◽  
Chug-I Wu
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Female ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Hybrid Inviability

Abstract A strong effect of homozygous autosomal regions on reproductive isolation was found for crosses between the species in the Drosophila simulans clade. Second chromosome regions were introgressed from D. mauritiana and D. sechellia into D. simulans and tested for their homozygous effects on hybrid male and hybrid female sterility and inviability. Most introgressions are fertile as heterozygotes, yet produce sterile male offspring when made homozygous. The density of homozygous autosomal factors contributing to hybrid male sterility is comparable to the density of X chromosome factors for this level of resolution. Female sterility was also revealed, yet the disparity between male and female levels of sterility was great, with male sterility being up to 23 times greater than female sterility. Complete hybrid inviability was also associated with some regions of the second chromosome, yet there were no strong sex differences. In conclusion, we find no evidence to support a strong X chromosome bias in the evolution of hybrid sterility or inviability but do find a very strong sex bias in the evolution of hybrid sterility. In light of these findings, we reevaluate the current models proposed to explain the genetic pattern of reproductive isolation.

scholarly journals Hidden Effects of X Chromosome Introgressions on Spermatogenesis in Drosophila simulans × D. mauritiana Hybrids Unveiled by Interactions Among Minor Genetic Factors

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xulio R Maside ◽  
José P Barral ◽  
Horacio F Naveira
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Drosophila Mauritiana ◽  
Chromosome Segments

Abstract One of the most frequent outcomes of interspecific hybridizations in Drosophila is hybrid male sterility. Genetic dissection of this reproductive barrier has revealed that the number of responsible factors is very high and that these factors are frequently engaged in complex epistatic interactions. Traditionally, research strategies have been based on contrasting introgressions of chromosome segments that produce male sterility with those that allow fertility. Few studies have investigated the phenotypes associated with the boundary between fertility and sterility. In this study, we cointrogressed three different X chromosome segments from Drosophila mauritiana into D. simulans. Hybrid males with these three segments are usually fertile, by conventional fertility assays. However, their spermatogenesis shows a significant slowdown, most manifest at lower temperatures. Each of the three introgressed segments retards the arrival of sperm to the seminal vesicles. Other small disturbances in spermatogenesis are evident, which altogether lead to an overall reduction in the amount of motile sperm in their seminal vesicles. These results suggest that a delay in the timing of spermatogenesis, which might be brought about by the cumulative action of many different factors of minor segment, may be the primary cause of hybrid male sterility.

scholarly journals The role of meiotic drive in hybrid male sterility

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1544) ◽  
pp. 1265-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon R. McDermott ◽  
Mohamed A. F. Noor
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Species Formation ◽  
Allelic Segregation

Meiotic drive causes the distortion of allelic segregation away from Mendelian expected ratios, often also reducing fecundity and favouring the evolution of drive suppressors. If different species evolve distinct drive-suppressor systems, then hybrid progeny may be sterile as a result of negative interactions of these systems' components. Although the hypothesis that meiotic drive may contribute to hybrid sterility, and thus species formation, fell out of favour early in the 1990s, recent results showing an association between drive and sterility have resurrected this previously controversial idea. Here, we review the different forms of meiotic drive and their possible roles in speciation. We discuss the recent empirical evidence for a link between drive and hybrid male sterility, also suggesting a possible mechanistic explanation for this link in the context of chromatin remodelling. Finally, we revisit the population genetics of drive that allow it to contribute to speciation.

scholarly journals Caractérisation morphologique de l'armature génitale des hybrides mâles et femelles issus de croisements entre Glossina palpalis palpalis et Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera : Glossinidae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Marc J.B. Vreysen ◽  
A.M.V. Van Der Vloedt
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Palpalis ◽  
Glossina Palpalis Gambiensis ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

Les sous-espèces Glossina palpalis palpalis (Gpp) provenant du Nigeria et G. p. gambiensis (Gpg) provenant du Burkina Faso pouvaient être différenciées par des caractères morpho- logiques, en se basant, pour les mâles, sur la largeur des dila- tations terminales des forcipules inférieurs. Des valeurs inter- médiaires ont été mesurées chez les hybrides mâles, mais la dimension moyenne de la tête des paramères était déterminée, significativement, par la descendance maternelle. Ainsi, la largeur moyenne de la tête des forcipules inférieurs des hybrides mâles issus du croisement Gpg x Gpp était plus grande, d’une manière significative, que celle des hybrides issus du croisement inverse. Les caractères morphologiques des forcipules inférieurs des hybrides mâles montraient des différences nettes en fonction du croisement. Les plaques dorsales de l’armature génitale des femelles Gpg étaient plus longues mais moins larges, de manière significative, que celles des femelles Gpp. Les deux sous-espèces pouvaient être séparées avec un chevauchement minimal (7 p. 100) en reportant la longueur des plaques dorsales sur l’axe des abscisses et la largeur sur celui des ordonnées. Les plaques dorsales de l’armature génitale des hybrides femelles Gpp x Gpg étaient significativement plus longues et plus larges que celles des hybrides du croisement inverse.

scholarly journals The genetic architecture of post-zygotic reproductive isolation between Anopheles coluzzii and An. quadriannulatus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Deitz ◽  
Willem Takken ◽  
Michel A. Slotman
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Epistatic Interaction ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Complex Species

AbstractThe Anopheles gambiae complex is comprised of eight morphologically indistinguishable species and has emerged as a model system for the study of speciation genetics due to the rapid radiation of its member species over the past two million years. Male hybrids between most An. gambiae complex species pairs are sterile, and some genotype combinations in hybrid males cause inviability. We investigated the genetic basis of hybrid male inviability and sterility between An. coluzzii and An. quadriannulatus by measuring segregation distortion and performing a QTL analysis of sterility in a backcross population. Hybrid males were inviable if they inherited the An. coluzzii X chromosome and were homozygous at one or more loci in 18.9 Mb region of chromosome 3. The An. coluzzii X chromosome has a disproportionately large effect on hybrid sterility when introgressed into an An. quadriannulatus genetic background. Additionally, an epistatic interaction between the An. coluzzii X and a 1.12 Mb, pericentric region of the An. quadriannulatus 3L chromosome arm has a statistically significant contribution to the hybrid sterility phenotype. This same epistatic interaction occurs when the An. coluzzii X is introgressed into the genetic background of An. arabiensis, the sister species of An. quadriannulatus, suggesting that this may represent one of the first Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities to evolve early in the radiation of the Anopheles gambiae species complex. We describe the additive effects of each sterility QTL, epistatic interactions between them, and genes within QTL with protein functions related to mating behavior, reproduction, spermatogenesis, and microtubule morphogenesis, whose divergence may contribute to post-zygotic reproductive isolation between An. coluzzii and An. quadriannulatus.

scholarly journals Hybrid Sterility, Genetic Conflict and Complex Speciation: Lessons From the Drosophila simulans Clade Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daven C. Presgraves ◽  
Colin D. Meiklejohn
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Genetic Conflict ◽  
Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

The three fruitfly species of the Drosophila simulans clade— D. simulans, D. mauritiana, and D. sechellia— have served as important models in speciation genetics for over 40 years. These species are reproductively isolated by geography, ecology, sexual signals, postmating-prezygotic interactions, and postzygotic genetic incompatibilities. All pairwise crosses between these species conform to Haldane’s rule, producing fertile F1 hybrid females and sterile F1 hybrid males. The close phylogenetic proximity of the D. simulans clade species to the model organism, D. melanogaster, has empowered genetic analyses of their species differences, including reproductive incompatibilities. But perhaps no phenotype has been subject to more continuous and intensive genetic scrutiny than hybrid male sterility. Here we review the history, progress, and current state of our understanding of hybrid male sterility among the D. simulans clade species. Our aim is to integrate the available information from experimental and population genetics analyses bearing on the causes and consequences of hybrid male sterility. We highlight numerous conclusions that have emerged as well as issues that remain unresolved. We focus on the special role of sex chromosomes, the fine-scale genetic architecture of hybrid male sterility, and the history of gene flow between species. The biggest surprises to emerge from this work are that (i) genetic conflicts may be an important general force in the evolution of hybrid incompatibility, (ii) hybrid male sterility is polygenic with contributions of complex epistasis, and (iii) speciation, even among these geographically allopatric taxa, has involved the interplay of gene flow, negative selection, and positive selection. These three conclusions are marked departures from the classical views of speciation that emerged from the modern evolutionary synthesis.

scholarly journals Genomic structure of Hstx2 modifier of Prdm9-dependent hybrid male sterility in mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Lustyk ◽  
Slavomír Kinský ◽  
Kristian Karsten Ullrich ◽  
Michelle Yancoskie ◽  
Lenka Kašíková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Recombination Rate ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Copy Number Polymorphism ◽  
Recombination Suppression ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Chromosome Synapsis

ABSTRACTF1 hybrids between mouse inbred strains PWD and C57BL/6 represent the most thoroughly genetically defined model of hybrid sterility in vertebrates. Hybrid male sterility can be fully reconstituted from three components of this model, namely the Prdm9 hybrid sterility gene, intersubspecific homeology of Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus autosomes, and the X-linked Hstx2 locus. Hstx2 modulates the extent of Prdm9-dependent meiotic arrest and harbors two additional genetic factors responsible for intersubspecific introgression-induced oligospermia (Hstx1) and reduced global meiotic recombination rate (Meir1). To facilitate positional cloning and to overcome the recombination suppression within the 4.3 Mb genomicDob interval encompassing the Hstx2 locus we designed Hstx2-CRISPR and SPO11/Cas9 transgenes aimed to induce DNA double-strand breaks specifically within the Hstx2 locus. The resulting recombinant reduced the Hstx2 locus to 2.70 Mb (Chr X:66.51-69.21 Mb). The newly defined Hstx2 still operates as the major X-linked factor of the F1 hybrid sterility, controls meiotic chromosome synapsis, and modifies meiotic recombination rate. Despite extensive further crosses, the 2.70 Mb Hstx2 interval behaved as a recombination cold spot with reduced PRDM9-mediated H3K4 hotspots and absence of DMC1-defined DNA DSB hotspots. To search for structural anomalies as a possible cause of recombination suppression we used optical mapping of the Hstx2 interval and observed high incidence of subspecies-specific structural variants along the X chromosome, with a striking copy number polymorphism of the microRNA Mir465 cluster. Finally, we analyzed the role of one of the Hstx2 candidate genes, the Fmr1 neighbor (Fmr1nb) gene in male fertility.Article summaryEarly meiotic arrest of mouse intersubspecific hybrids depends on the interaction between the Prdm9 gene and Hybrid sterility X2 (Hstx2) locus on chromosome X. Lustyk et al. conducted high-resolution genetic and physical mapping of the Hstx2 locus, reduced it to 2.7 Mb interval within a constitutive recombination cold spot and found that the newly defined Hstx2 still operates as the X-linked hybrid sterility factor, controls meiotic chromosome synapsis, and modifies recombination rate. Optical mapping of the Hstx2 genomic region excluded inversion as a cause of recombination suppression and revealed a striking copy number polymorphism of the microRNA Mir465 cluster.

The genetics of hybrid sterility between subspecies of the complex of Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rawlings
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Autosomal Gene ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Hybrid Female ◽  
Hybrid Male Sterility ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Sterility Genes

AbstractCrosses were made between the three subspecies of the complex of Glossina morsitans Westwood and the hybrid females backcrossed. Hybrid female fecundity was highly ‘reactive’ to foreign male genes when the mother was G. morsitans centralis Machado compared with the reciprocal crosses and backcrosses. Hybrid F1 males were unable to inseminate females successfully, and although in nearly a quarter of the dissections sperm was transferred to the uterus, it did not migrate to the spermathecae. Heterozygosity between the X- and Y-chromosomes and most of the autosomes led to high frequencies of sterile males, but homozygosity between the X- and Y-chromosomes could still yield 30–50% sterility. Successive backcrosses of hybrid females between G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis to the latter subspecies continued to increase the frequency of fertile males. Interactions between X-chromosome and autosomal gene seemed to be responsible for hybrid male sterility, and the number of sterility genes involved appeared to be very few. Crosses involving G. morsitans submorsitans Newstead generally agreed with those between the other two subspecies, but the distortion in the sex ratio of emergent adults limited the application of the data to this subspecies. Competition experiments using sterile hybrid males and fertile males in population cages (30 cm cube) showed that suppression was possible, especially when the ratio of sterile:fertile males was 2:1. The value of stetile hybrid males in tsetse control programmes and the evolution of reproductive isolation in the complex is discussed.

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