CONE AND SEED INSECTS OF TAMARACK, LARIX LARICINA (DU ROI) K. KOCH, AND ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL DAMAGE USING CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Amirault ◽  
N. Rae Brown
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Protection Trees ◽  
Cone And Seed Insects ◽  
Seed Insects

AbstractAn investigation of the insects that damage cones (megasporangiate strobili) and seeds of tamarack [Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch] in New Brunswick was undertaken. During two growing seasons (1982 and 1983) cones were removed from natural and planted stands of tamarack on a weekly basis. These cones were dissected, the nature and amount of insect damage recorded, and insect habits documented. Efforts were made to rear to adults any destructive insects encountered in order to identify them and to isolate parasites. Insects destroyed from 24.6 to 88.0% of the seed produced in the stands under study. Larvae of the spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] and the cone maggot [Lasiomma viarium (Huckett) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)] were responsible for most of the damage. Among insects that caused lesser amounts of damage were a cone midge [Resseliella sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)], a seed chalcid [Megastigmus sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)], and various lepidopterous larvae. Applications of the insecticides carbofuran and dimethoate reduced the amount of insect damage. Carbofuran applied at the rate of 13.5 g active ingredient per centimetre of diameter at breast height provided the best protection. Trees treated in this manner had 37.0% of their seeds destroyed by insects as opposed to 74.2% on control trees.

Insects Affecting Seed Production in Red Pine: Part I Conophthorus resinosae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 599-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Unfavourable Weather ◽  
Cone And Seed Insects ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Insects

Natural and artificial reforestation, which basically depend on an abundance of sound seed, are adversely affected when insects destroy large numbers of cones, seeds, and cone-bearing shoots. Other factors, such as unfavourable weather, incomplete seed development, and damage by birds and mammals also reduce seed production, but they are rarely of such widespread importance as insects, whose damage often results in the failure of seed crops over large areas. Cone and seed insects sometimes restrict the natural regeneration of trees for a few years at a time, as, for example, in conifers on the Pacific coast (16), loblolly pines in Virginia (13), and oak in Michigan (5), but they become particularly important when the seeds they destroy are required for use in artificial reforestation. The future success of much reforestation, which is inclining more and more toward the use of seed obtained from trees cultivated especially for that purpose, may largely depend on a thorough understanding of cone and seed insects and their effect on seed production.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Regeneration Potential of Red Oaks and Ash on Minor Bottoms of Mississippi

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith L. Belli ◽  
Christopher P. Hart ◽  
John D. Hodges ◽  
John A. Stanturf
Keyword(s):  
Assessment System ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
System A ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Stump Sprouts

Abstract Plots were established to monitor the success of advance regeneration for red oaks and ash on eight high quality sites on minor bottoms in Mississippi. Data were collected pre- and post-harvest, and annually for 3 yr following harvest. Red oak and ash stems were initially categorized by height class, or by diameter class for those stems at least 1 in. in diameter at breast height. Survival and competitive position were monitored to provide estimates of the probability of producing at least one free-to-grow stem 3 growing seasons following stand harvest. Regardless of species, the competitive advantage of larger seedlings and stump sprouts over smaller seedlings (less than 1 ft tall) was clear. Less than 10% of the smaller seedlings were free-to-grow after 3 growing seasons, whereas 26% to 71% of the larger seedlings and stump sprouts were judged free-to-grow after the same amount of time. Results were used to revise an existing regeneration assessment system. A field tally sheet was developed to aid in the application of the revised system. South. J. Appl: For. 23(3): 133-138.

La photographie aérienne couleur infrarouge à petite échelle et l'inventaire des dégâts causés par la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette

1976 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
J. Beaubien
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Color Film ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Stand Characteristics

Since 1970 northeastern North America has experienced a spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreak. In Quebec, at the end of 1974, some tree mortality was reported for an area of approximately 3 million acres (1,200,000 ha) of pulpwood stands while severe defoliation occurred over 33 million acres (13,300,000 ha). In an effort to improve current methods used to estimate the extent of forest insect damage over large areas, a remote sensing study was initiated with high altitude color-IR aerial photographs (scale 1:60,000) taken over the Gaspé peninsula in mid-August 1974. Cumulative past feeding was apparent at this period of the summer, as almost all current year chipped needles had fallen. Only very severe damage of one year feeding or more could be identified on the images. Colour variations due to stand characteristics such as density, age, rate of growth, prevent the detection of lighter damage on high-altitude CIR photographs. The relative importance of these factors is discussed. For instance a moderately defoliated dense stand can easily be confused with a more open healthy one. It seems that the two main stand characteristics affecting color tonality are density and length of annual shoot growth which is mainly function of age and site quality. Forest insect damage has been more successfully detected on large (up to 1:2,000) or medium (1:4,000-1:12,000) photo-scales. Normal color film may give better information on defoliation levels. As long as objectives are met, the smallest possible photo scale should be used since cost is reduced because fewer photographs have to be purchased and handled during photo-interpretation work.

Evaluation of Aerial Applications of Acephate and Other Insecticides for Control of Cone and Seed Insects in Southern Pine Seed Orchards2

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-184
Author(s):  
Carl W. Fatzinger ◽  
Harry O. Yates ◽  
Larry R. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus ◽  
Cone And Seed Insects ◽  
Seed Insects

Acephate was evaluated for control of cone and seed insects in southern pine seed orchards from 1980 to 1985. Insecticides compared with acephate during this study were azinphosmethyl, fenvalerate, malathion, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Insecticides were applied aerially, by hydraulic sprayers, and by airblast sprayers. Experiments were conducted in loblolly pine seed orchards in Florida and North Carolina and in two slash pine seed orchards in Florida. Control of coneworms, Dioryctria spp., slash pine flower thrips, Gnophothrips fuscus (Morgan), and two seed bugs, the leaffooted pine seed bug, Leptoglossus corculus (Say), and the shieldbacked pine seed bug, Tetyra bipunctata (Herrich-Schäffer) was evaluated. Frost damage and a serious infection of southern cone rust, Cronartium strobilinum (Arth.) Hedgc, and Hahn, caused significant flower and conelet losses and may have obscured differences between treatment effects during some years. All of the insecticide treatments were equally effective in controlling coneworms. The percentages of trees infested with pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell), and the striped pine scale, T. pini (King), and the numbers of scale insects per branch after five applications of insecticide, differed significantly for acephate and fenvalerate treatments.

The Interaction of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the Parasite Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Realistic Estimate ◽  
Host Generation

This is the second of a series of papers (Miller, 1959) describing the interaction of primary parasites and the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), based on data collected during an outbreak of the budworm in northern New Brunswick during the period 1947–1958. The first paper showed that the interaction between the spruce budworm and Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. is adequately described by the general mathematicai model developed by Watt (1959). The data on the parasite Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.) to be presented in this paper are also analysed by means of Watt's model and consequently the method is essentially the same. There is, however, one important difference. In the case of A. fumiferanae, the estimated number of adult parasites was only an index based on the potential number emerging from the previous host generation. The observed density of G. fumiferanae is a more realistic estimate. It is based on the actual number of cocoons found on the foliage during the adult emergence period.

Evidence of DDT Resistance in Populations of Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), From DDT-sprayed Areas of New Brunswick

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1281-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Randall
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Ddt Resistance

AbstractA series of laboratory toxicological experiments using various concentrations of oil formulated DDT solutions (AR-50/fuel oil (2:7 V/V)) was carried out on 5th and 6th instar spruce budworm larvae collected in the field from DDT-sprayed and untreated areas of New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, U.S.A.Results obtained in 1959, 1961, and 1962 with larvae collected from isolated, unsprayed areas in New Brunswick showed a consistent, straight log-dosage probit mortality curve. Larvae collected in 1962 and 1963 from infestation centres previously subjected to three, four, and five applications of non-consecutive large-scale aerial sprays of DDT showed a significant departure from the straight log-dosage probit curve previously obtained. The departure occurs as a change in the shape of the curve as well as a shift to the higher concentration range of DDT. The magnitude of change appears to be correlated with the number of sprays to which the population was exposed. Results obtained in 1962 and 1963, from untreated control and inter-spray areas, bounded by DDT-sprayed forest lands, showed a small but significant departure from the normal straight probit line of a susceptible population. These changes are indicative of a progressive development of DDT resistance in wild populations of spruce budworm.Studies on the effect of the tolerance of spruce budworm larvae within instar classes to the action of DDT showed that the early phase of instar development immediately after moulting is more susceptible to the action of DDT, whereas the latter phase of instar development immediately prior to moulting is more tolerant to topical application of DDT than the average for the instar. This effect is evident in both susceptible and resistant populations.The data interpretation assumes that a deviation from the straight line probit dosage – mortality curve is indicative of a difference in the DDT-susceptibility factor of the budworm population and that in the course of the tests, the amount of toxicant causing mortality was not proportional to the dosage.

Biomass of jack pine and mixed hardwood stands in northeastern New Brunswick

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. MacLean ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Stem Biomass ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Fire Origin

Biomass accumulation in 12 jack pine and 11 mixed hardwood stands of fire origin ranging in age from 7 to 57 years is presented. Logarithmic equations relating aboveground tree, crown, and stem biomass to tree diameter at breast height are given for eight tree species.

Bulldozing stumps and nitrogen fertilization affect growth of Douglas-fir seedlings

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Thies ◽  
E. E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Eight treatments involving stump removal by bulldozing in combination with nitrogen fertilization were applied to 0.04-ha circular plots in a clear-cut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings, planted several months after treatment, were recorded five and eight seasons after outplanting. The results showed that either bulldozing stumps from the site or fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increased growth of seedlings through their eighth growing season. After eight growing seasons, bulldozing had increased seedling height by 23% and diameter at breast height by 43%; fertilizing produced increases of 13% in height and 17% in diameter at breast height.

Isolation of endophytic fungi from eastern larch (Larix lancina) leaves from New Brunswick, Canada

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Dobranic ◽  
J. A. Johnson ◽  
Q. R. Alikhan
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Saint John ◽  
Leaf Segments

Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves of eastern larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) collected in Saint John County, New Brunswick, Canada. Two thousand three hundred and six isolates were obtained from 1600 leaves (6400 leaf segments) from 40 trees. Isolates were obtained from 36.0% of the segments. These were distributed among 73.9% of the leaves. Multiple isolates (two or more) were obtained from 12.8% of the leaves but 26.1% of the leaves had no endophyte isolated whatsoever. The isolate designated RP31 accounted for 84.2% of all isolates and was the lone endophyte isolated from 46.5% of the leaves. Isolates RPB82, RPB65, and coelomycete 3 accounted for 10.2% of all isolates obtained. Of the 10 taxa isolated, RP31, RPB82, RPB65, and coelomycete 3 represented 98.1% of the total number of isolates. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the number of isolations between leaf segments from the petiole to the tip when all isolates were considered together. However, if RP31 was excluded from the analysis, the remaining isolates were isolated significantly (p > 0.05) more frequently from the petiole segment.Key words: endophytic fungi, Larix laricina, leaves, deciduous.

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