MULTIPLE PARASITISM OF THE PEA APHID: STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF PARASITE DETERMINES SURVIVAL OF APHIDIUS SMITHI AND PRAON PEQUODORUM (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Chow ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Stage Of Development

Chow and Mackauer (1984) recently reported on inter- and intraspecific larval competition between Aphidius smithi Sharma & Subba Rao and Praon pequodorum Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), when both were parasitizing the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae). In interspecific competition, a 1st-instar Praon larva usually eliminated, by physical combat, an Aphidius larva that was up to 48 h older. However, circumstantial evidence suggested that once an Aphidius larva had reached an advanced stage of the final (4th) instar, it was able to complete development and pupate, even in the presence of a younger Praon competitor.

INTER- AND INTRASPECIFIC LARVAL COMPETITION IN APHIDIUS SMITHI AND PRAON PEQUODORUM (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Chow ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Conspecific Female

AbstractSuperparasitism and multiple parasitism of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), by the solitary hymenopterous parasites Aphidius smithi Sharma & Subba Rao and Praon pequodorum Viereck were studied in the laboratory. In intraspecific competition, an older larva usually eliminated a younger one; exceptions to this rule depended on the relative age difference and developmental stage of the competitors. In interspecific competition, P. pequodorum was intrinsically superior to A. smithi, regardless of the latter's age. The stage of host parasitized and the number of competing larvae had no significant effect on the outcome of the contest. A. smithi females discriminated against aphids previously parasitized by a conspecific female or by P. pequodorum, the degree of oviposition restraint increasing with the time between ovipositions. P. pequodorum females attacked aphids already parasitized by A. smithi, regardless of the age of the Aphidius larva, but avoided oviposition when the aphid contained a Praon larva or embryo. The rate of embryonic development is shown as a major factor in contest-type competition between first-stage larvae.

scholarly journals Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Jing-Jiang Zhou ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Peter Quandahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Trehalose Content

AbstractTrehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.

CORNICLE LENGTH AS A CRITERION FOR SEPARATING FIELD-COLLECTED NYMPHAL INSTARS OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 1615-1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Hutchison ◽  
David B. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Field Sample ◽  
Rearing Temperature ◽  
Multimodal Analysis

AbstractCornicle length measuremetns of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) nymphs reared in the laboratory were instar-specific and unaffected by rearing temperature. A multimodal analysis of cornicle lengths of field-collected aphids clearly detected four distribution peaks (i.e., instars) in five different field populations, and there was generaaly little overlap between successive instar distributions. However, third and fourth instars in the spring field sample could not be separated accurately due to the shorter cornicle length of nymphs that developed from overwintered eggs. Cornicle length proved to be a useful criterion for separating virginoparous A. pisum instars in samples collected in southern Wisconsin.

scholarly journals The Phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) Is a Pathogen of the Pea Aphid

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 1956-1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Grenier ◽  
Gabrielle Duport ◽  
Sylvie Pagès ◽  
Guy Condemine ◽  
Yvan Rahbé
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Erwinia Chrysanthemi ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Dickeya Dadantii ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium

ABSTRACT Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot diseases on many crops. The sequencing of its genome identified four genes encoding homologues of the Cyt family of insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, which are not present in the close relative Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum. The pathogenicity of D. dadantii was tested on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, and the bacterium was shown to be highly virulent for this insect, either by septic injury or by oral infection. The lethal inoculum dose was calculated to be as low as 10 ingested bacterial cells. A D. dadantii mutant with the four cytotoxin genes deleted showed a reduced per os virulence for A. pisum, highlighting the potential role of at least one of these genes in pathogenicity. Since only one bacterial pathogen of aphids has been previously described (Erwinia aphidicola), other species from the same bacterial group were tested. The pathogenic trait for aphids was shown to be widespread, albeit variable, within the phytopathogens, with no link to phylogenetic positioning in the Enterobacteriaceae. Previously characterized gut symbionts from thrips (Erwinia/Pantoea group) were also highly pathogenic to the aphid, whereas the potent entomopathogen Photorhabdus luminescens was not. D. dadantii is not a generalist insect pathogen, since it has low pathogenicity for three other insect species (Drosophila melanogaster, Sitophilus oryzae, and Spodoptera littoralis). D. dadantii was one of the most virulent aphid pathogens in our screening, and it was active on most aphid instars, except for the first one, probably due to anatomical filtering. The observed difference in virulence toward apterous and winged aphids may have an ecological impact, and this deserves specific attention in future research.

scholarly journals A sex-linked locus controls wing polymorphism in males of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)

Heredity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Caillaud ◽  
M Boutin ◽  
C Braendle ◽  
J-C Simon
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Wing Polymorphism

scholarly journals Aphid Heritable Symbiont Exploits Defensive Mutualism

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Doremus ◽  
Kerry M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Defensive Mutualism ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Hamiltonella Defensa ◽  
Alternative Routes

ABSTRACT Insects and other animals commonly form symbioses with heritable bacteria, which can exert large influences on host biology and ecology. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is a model for studying effects of infection with heritable facultative symbionts (HFS), and each of its seven common HFS species has been reported to provide resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses. However, one common HFS, called X-type, rarely occurs as a single infection in field populations and instead typically superinfects individual aphids with Hamiltonella defensa, another HFS that protects aphids against attack by parasitic wasps. Using experimental aphid lines comprised of all possible infection combinations in a uniform aphid genotype, we investigated whether the most common strain of X-type provides any of the established benefits associated with aphid HFS as a single infection or superinfection with H. defensa. We found that X-type does not confer protection to any tested threats, including parasitoid wasps, fungal pathogens, or thermal stress. Instead, component fitness assays identified large costs associated with X-type infection, costs which were ameliorated in superinfected aphids. Together these findings suggest that X-type exploits the aphid/H. defensa mutualism and is maintained primarily as a superinfection by “hitchhiking” via the mutualistic benefits provided by another HFS. Exploitative symbionts potentially restrict the functions and distributions of mutualistic symbioses with effects that extend to other community members. IMPORTANCE Maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts are widespread and can have major impacts on the biology of arthropods, including insects of medical and agricultural importance. Given that host fitness and symbiont fitness are tightly linked, inherited symbionts can spread within host populations by providing beneficial services. Many insects, however, are frequently infected with multiple heritable symbiont species, providing potential alternative routes of symbiont maintenance. Here we show that a common pea aphid symbiont called X-type likely employs an exploitative strategy of hitchhiking off the benefits of a protective symbiont, Hamiltonella. Infection with X-type provides none of the benefits conferred by other aphid symbionts and instead results in large fitness costs, costs lessened by superinfection with Hamiltonella. These findings are corroborated by natural infections in field populations, where X-type is mostly found superinfecting aphids with Hamiltonella. Exploitative symbionts may be common in hosts with communities of heritable symbionts and serve to hasten the breakdown of mutualisms.

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