EFFECT OF ENGLISH, SIBERIAN, AND CHINESE ELMS ON THE ATTACK BEHAVIOR AND BROOD SURVIVAL OF SCOLYTUS MULTISTRIATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Švihra ◽  
W. Jan A. Volney
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Scolytus Multistriatus ◽  
Attack Behavior ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Brood Survival ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Chinese Elm

AbstractScolytus multistriatus female adults demonstrated a distinct preference for English and Siberian elm over Chinese elm in attacking bolts and establishing egg galleries. Density of attacks appeared related to bark roughness of the exposed bolt. A ranking of elm species suitability for S. multistriatus is thus possible. Some of the females forced to attack Chinese elm died after making nuptial chambers but before establishing egg galleries. Egg production by females was unaffected by attack densities observed, elm species, or the place where the trial was conducted. In the laboratory, survival from egg to adult was lower in Chinese elm than in English or Siberian elm. Ability of the larvae to mine outer bark at high densities is believed to be a response to intraspecific competition and probably enhances survival. The first estimates of subcortical population parameters are presented for this species in North America. Adaptive value of variations in relationships between the beetle and various elm species is discussed.

Source populations in coastal crabs: population parameters affecting egg production

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
AAV Flores ◽  
CC Gomes ◽  
WF Villano
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Source Populations

Scolytus multistriatus. [Distribution map].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Scolytus Multistriatus ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Elm Bark Beetle ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) (Col., Scolytidae) (Smaller Elm Bark-beetle) (A vector of Dutch elm disease). Host Plants: Ulmus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, ASIA (excl. USSR), Iran, USSR, AFRICA, Algeria, Egypt, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, U.S.A.

Impact of adult diet on demographic and population parameters of the tropical fruit fly Anastrepha serpentina (Diptera: Tephritidae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Jácome ◽  
M. Aluja ◽  
P. Liedo
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Junk Food ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Yeast Hydrolysate ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Adult Diet ◽  
Adult Food

AbstractThe effect of artificial and natural sources of adult food on the survival and reproduction of the tropical fruit fly, Anastrephaserpentina (Wiedemann) was studied. Caged adult flies were exposed during their whole lifespan to water and one of the following diets: sucrose, intact fruit, open fruit, bird faeces, sucrose plus intact fruit, sucrose plus open fruit, sucrose plus yeast hydrolysate, and sucrose plus bird faeces. All flies exposed to intact fruit or bird faeces died within the first five days of adult life without laying eggs. Females exposed to open fruit exhibited the greatest mean longevity (56.7 days). The highest net fecundity rate was recorded from individuals exposed to sucrose plus yeast hydrolysate (164 eggs per female), followed by those exposed to bird faeces plus sucrose and open fruit (38 and 26 eggs per female, respectively). Some individuals were able to lay viable eggs late in life (>105 days of age). Only populations in which adult flies had access to either sucrose plus yeast hydrolysate, open fruit, or sucrose plus bird faeces exhibited positive intrinsic rates of increase (r). Flies offered a combination of dry sucrose plus open fruit exhibited greatly reduced net fecundity levels when compared with those individuals exposed to open fruit. Even more significantly, populations of flies offered the combination of open fruit plus sucrose exhibited negative rates of increase while those exposed to open fruit alone, grew. We postulate that this reduction in egg production can be explained by a ‘junk food syndrome’.

EFFECTS OF ABIES GRANDIS RESIN ON THE ATTACK BEHAVIOR AND BROOD SURVIVAL OF SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1229-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Berryman ◽  
M. Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Attack Behavior ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Abies Grandis ◽  
Brood Survival ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Flow Aggregation ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Early Developmental

AbstractScolytus ventralis females attack their host, Abies grandis, at random in the beginning of the flight period. The success of these attacks, as manifested by the length of the gallery, is determined by the rapidity of the host’s resinous response, attacking females being repelled by resin flow. Aggregation occurs on both resistant and susceptible hosts but is directly associated with the degree of gallery elongation. Resinosis occurring after brood establishment reduces survival, having its greatest impact on the early developmental stages. Mortality from resinosis is inversely related to attack density.

Aggression and territoriality among sympatric western plethodontid salamanders

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 901-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristiina Ovaska
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Plethodontid Salamanders

Territoriality has been documented among plethodontid salamanders in eastern North America, but aggressive interactions among western plethodontids are largely unknown. I examined the responses of three sympatric western Plethodon species (P. vehiculum, P. dunni, and P. vandykei) toward conspecific and congeneric salamanders in two laboratory experiments. In experiment 1, I investigated intra- and inter-specific aggression by the three species, and in experiment 2, I examined aggression and dispersion of the salamanders when fed either a high or a low level of food. In experiment 1, P. dunni were more aggressive than P. vehiculum and P. vandykei, which rarely bit their opponents. In experiment 2, two different food levels had no detectable effect on the aggressiveness of residents. Resident P. dunni (males, females, and juveniles) were equally likely to bite conspecific and congeneric salamanders introduced into their cages. However, their dispersion under cover objects was uniform (suggesting territoriality) only in pairings between conspecific individuals. In contrast, P. vehiculum showed little aggression and were randomly dispersed under cover objects. The variety of responses exhibited by the three sympatric species toward conspecific and congeneric salamanders suggests that their populations are only superficially similar in ecology and may be subjected to different intensities of intraspecific competition.

Intraspecific competition between different aged larvae of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae): advantages of an oviposition-deterring pheromone

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2192-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Quiring ◽  
Jeremy N. McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Active Life ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Agromyza Frontella

In laboratory studies evaluating the effects of intraspecific competition between Agromyza frontella larvae of different ages, individuals starting 24 or 48 h before other larvae within the same leaflet largely escaped the negative effects of competition. However, larvae starting development later experienced a higher incidence of mortality and reduced pupal weight. Thus an oviposition-deterring pheromone laid down by ovipositing A. frontella females would only have to remain effective for 24 h to confer a competitive advantage to the first individual developing within the leaflet. In two separate field tests this proved to be the case, with active pheromone remaining for > 24 h under both hot and rainy conditions. There has been some doubt concerning the adaptive value of certain oviposition-deterring pheromones under field conditions because of their water-soluble nature. The results of these experiments would suggest that the required active life of an oviposition-deterring pheromone may be considerably shorter than previously thought, and thus their persistence, even for short periods, may be adequate to reduce intraspecific competition in natural populations.

scholarly journals Regionalizacja produkcji zwierzęcej na świecie

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (3) ◽  
pp. 272-281
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rokicki ◽  
Magdalena Golonko ◽  
Aleksandra Perkowska
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
The World ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The aim of the study was to assess the regionalization of animal production in the world and the changes that have occurred in this respect. The article presents the value of animal production in regions of the world defined by the continents. The source of the material was data from FAOSTAT. The period of research covered the years 2007-2016. The value of world animal production has steadily increased. Only at the time of the economic crisis in 2009 and in 2014-2015 were declines seen in all areas. There was a high concentration of animal production that was concentrated in Asia and Europe. There was a gradual relocation of production from Europe and North America to Asia and South America. These regularities have been confirmed also in the analysis of individual groups of animal products like meat, milk and eggs. At the same time, there was a very high concentration and a high degree of variation in animal production in the regions. Disproportions increased faster in meat and egg production than in milk production.

Inequalities in size and intensity-dependent growth in a mermithid nematode parasitic in beach hoppers

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Poulin ◽  
A.D.M. Latham
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Mermithid Nematode

AbstractInequality in body sizes is a common feature in populations of helminth parasites, with potential consequences for egg production and population genetics. Inequalities in body lengths and the effects of intraspecific competition on worm length were studied in a species of mermithid nematode parasitic in the crustacean Talorchestia quoyana (Amphipoda: Talitridae). The majority of the 753 worms recovered were relatively small, and an analysis using a Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient suggested that there were no marked inequalities in body lengths among the worms. Total worm length in the 356 infected amphipods (i.e. the sum of the lengths of all the worms in a host) increased steadily as a function of the number of worms per amphipod, whereas the length of the longest worm per amphipod peaked in amphipods harbouring intermediate numbers of worms. This last result was not significantly accounted for by the observed increase in host size with increasing intensity of infection, but resulted from a correlation between worm length and host size. As the number of worms per amphipod increased, the relative sizes of the second-, third-, and fourth-longest worms per host increased markedly. This means that relative inequalities in sizes become less pronounced, i.e. subordinate worms get closer in size to the longest worm, as the number of worms per host increases. The main consequence of this phenomenon is that worm sizes in the mermithid population are more homogeneous than they would be if intraspecific competition had stronger effects on worm growth.

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