CHANGES IN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), BIOMASS IN STANDS TREATED WITH COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. KURSTAKI

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-434
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris ◽  
A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Biomass Reduction

AbstractLarval biomass of the spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in balsam fir, Abies balsamea L., stands was significantly reduced following aerial applications of commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) (Thuricide 16B®, 24B and 32BX and Dipel 85®). Treatment with Dipel vehicle (Dipel 88® without B.t.) did not affect larval biomass. Biomass reduction following the Thuricide treatment was directly related to feeding activity. These findings support published observations on the long-term effect of B.t. on budworm populations.

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

FIELD RESPONSE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), TO DOSAGE AND VOLUME RATES OF COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
pp. 983-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
Field Response

AbstractThuricide and Dipel, formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), were applied aerially against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in forest stands of balsam fir, Abies balsamea L. A dosage of 30 Billion International Units (BIU) of B.t./ha applied in 2.4 to 4.7 L of spray/ha was most effective. Application of 20 BIU/ha was marginally effective against a population of 12 to 36 larvae/45 cm of branch.

EFFICACY OF FORAY 48B (BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER) APPLICATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), TIMED FOR PHENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BALSAM FIR AND BLACK SPRUCE

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beresford L. Cadogan ◽  
Roger D. Scharbach
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Respective Species ◽  
Respective Host

AbstractThe insecticide Foray 48B (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner) was applied undiluted at 30 BIU per ha to control spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in a mixed boreal forest stand of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., and black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. When the treatment was timed to coincide with the early flushing of balsam fir shoots, the corrected budworm population reductions were 74 and 52% on balsam fir and black spruce, respectively. This treatment resulted in 19 and 8% defoliation on the two respective species. When the insecticide application was timed later to coincide with the late flushing of black spruce shoots the corrected population reductions were 93% on balsam fir and 72% on black spruce. Defoliation of the two species was 29 and 10% respectively, following this treatment. Larval survival on both species after the spray timed for black spruce (0.8 and 2.2 larvae per 45-cm branch on balsam fir and black spruce, respectively) was significantly less (P = 0.05) than that observed after the spray timed for balsam fir (4.6 and 4.2 larvae per 45-cm branch on the respective host species).The data indicate that the spray timed to correspond with the flushing of black spruce was generally more efficacious than the spray timed to impact on newly flushed balsam fir; nevertheless, the results raise the question as to how B. thuringiensis insecticides impact on early-instar budworm larvae when there is no preferred current year foliage on which the insects can feed.

COMPARATIVE EFFICACIES OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE APPLICATIONS OF COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA IN BALSAM FIR STANDS

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Mixed Stands

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (B.t.) is the most widely used biological control agent against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), a major defoliator of coniferous forests. The technology of applying the bacterium, however, is still not fully developed and the strategy of applying single or split applications of B.t. in unmixed stands is still in question. Double applications are generally accepted as necessary in mixed stands of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, red spruce, P. rubens Sarg., black spruce, P. mariana (Mill.) BSP, and balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., due to difference in the phenological development of the host trees and of the budworm infesting them. Field trials were conducted at Mine Centre, Ontario, to compare the efficacies of double and single applications of B.t. against the budwonn infesting balsam fir stands.

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF THURICIDE 16B® AND DIPEL 88® AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN BALSAM FIR STANDS

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. 1001-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Pupal Parasitism

AbstractThe effectiveness of Thuricide 16B®, a water-based commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. torstaki (B.t.), Dipel 88®, an oil-based formulation, and the Dipel® vehicle (Dipel 88 without B.t.) were compared by aerial applications against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) stands. The two B.t. products applied at similar dosage rates were similar in effectiveness and the Dipel vehicle was not toxic for budworm larvae at rates applied Comparisons of populations of parasites made between pre- and post-spray sampling periods and between treated and untreated plots indicated no direct effect of Dipel 88 on the rate of larval and pupal parasitism.

EFFECT OF WET FOLIAGE ON EFFICACY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SPRAY AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEM. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (10) ◽  
pp. 955-956
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Forest Insects ◽  
Spray Droplets

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner is registered for control of several defoliating forest insects, including the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.), jackpine budworm (C. pinus Freeman), and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) (Morris et al. 1986). Product labels and user guidelines of several manufacturers recommend application to dry foliage for best results. Efficacy is presumably reduced when foliage is wet from dew or precipitation. Possible causes are lower impaction efficiency of spray droplets on the wet leaf surface (Spillman 1984) and dilution of the active ingredient. I compared the efficacy of B. thuringiensis applied to wet and dry balsam fir foliage (Abies balsamea L.) in a laboratory bioassay with larvae of the spruce budwom, Choristoneura fumiferana.

EFFICACY AND FIELD PERSISTENCE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AFTER GROUND APPLICATION TO BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE IN WISCONSIN

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Reardon ◽  
K. Haissig
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis was applied at three dosages (1.0 BIU/tree, 0.1 BIU/tree, and.01 BIU/tree) to balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., and white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, with mist blowers. Crystalline proteins were detected on balsam fir foliage for a maximum of 16 days (d) after B. thuringiensis was applied at 1.0 BIU/tree. Higher levels of crystalline proteins were detected on white spruce foliage treated with Thuricide 16B than on that treated with Dipel 4L. On balsam fir, the situation was the opposite. Mist-blower-treated foliage collected for up to 16 d posttreatment caused mortality of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), larvae. Viable endospores of B. thuringiensis were recovered on white spruce foliage collected 1 year after treatment.

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

Prescribed Burning for Stand Conversion in Budworm-killed Balsam Fir: An Ontario Case History

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Stand Conversion

Recent spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) infestations have resulted in widespread areas of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) mortality in Ontario, and there is growing interest in reestablishing these areas quickly as productive forests. One technique being used is prescribed fire after a salvage and bulldozer tramping operation. A 445-ha prescribed burn was carried out under moderate fire danger conditions in northern Ontario. The site, which was covered by balsam fir fuel that had been killed by spruce budworm, was tramped to improve fire spread. Weather, fuel consumption, and fire effects are reported. The burn effectively reduced heavy surface fuel loadings and consequently planting on the site was easier. Key words: Prescribed burning, fire, spruce budworm. Choristoneura fumiferana, balsam fir, Abies balsamea, fuel consumption, site preparation, tramping, stand conversion.

CHANGES IN SPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATION WITH CROWN LEVEL

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Piene
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Cape Breton ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
The Common

AbstractDetailed estimates of defoliation caused by spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] over the crown length of young balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] were made throughout a spruce budworm outbreak from 1976 to 1984 in the Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia. The results show no clear tendency for a particular level of the crown to be damaged more heavily than any other. Thus, there is no reason to continue the common practice of taking samples from the mid-crown level on the assumption that they represent an ‘average’ level of defoliation either for high or low populations. Sampling from the bottom of the crown should provide a more convenient and cost-effective approach for estimating defoliation.

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