CONSUMPTION AND UTILIZATION OF LEAF TISSUE OF TISSUE-CULTURED POPULUS × EURAMERICANA BY THE COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE, CHRYSOMELA SCRIPTA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Harrell ◽  
D. M. Benjamin ◽  
J. G. Berbee ◽  
T. R. Burkot
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
Chrysomela Scripta ◽  
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle ◽  
Water Contents

AbstractChrysomela scripta Fabricius adults showed a feeding preference for the youngest, most succulent leaves of tissue-cultured Populus × euramericana. Larvae fed equally on all leaves with water contents greater than 73%. Larvae chose shoot bark for feeding after all leaves with water contents greater that 70% had been consumed. Larvae reared on immature foliage had shorter developmental times and higher prepupal weights than those reared on mature foliage.

THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE COTTONWOOD LEAF BEETLE, CHRYSOMELA SCRIPTA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON TISSUE CULTURED HYBRID AIGEIROS (POPULUS × EURAMERICANA) SUBCLONES IN WISCONSIN

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Burkot ◽  
D.M. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Coleomegilla Maculata ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chrysomela Scripta ◽  
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle

AbstractAdults and larvae of the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta Fab., defoliated tissue cultured Aigeiros (Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier) subclones and destroyed apical tips. Fecundity was 510 ± 153 eggs . Four generations occurred between May and September in southern Wisconsin. Maximal insect numbers and damage occurred in the third generation. The minimal developmental threshold was 10.8 °C with a mean 257 ± 26 day-degree (°C) required per generation. Important biological control agents included Coleomegilla maculata, which consumed up to 25% of the eggs, and Shizonatus latus, a pteromalid parasite, which destroyed up to 26% of the pupae.

An Artificial Diet for Cottonwood and Imported Willow Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Comparative Performance on Poplar Foliage2

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah S. Bauer ◽  
Joann Meerschaert ◽  
O. Thomas Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Chrysomela Scripta ◽  
The Media ◽  
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle ◽  
Willow Leaf Beetle

An artificial diet was developed for laboratory rearing of the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F., and the imported willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting). To reduce microbial contamination of the media, procedures were developed for separating egg masses and sterilizing egg surfaces. Cottonwood leaf beetle larvae reared from neonate to adult on this artificial diet had greater mortality, took longer to develop, and were smaller than larvae reared on fresh poplar foliage. Adult longevity was similar for both diet-and foliage-reared larvae. Survival and adult fresh weight of imported willow leaf beetle larvae reared on the artificial diet were similar to those of cohorts reared on fresh poplar foliage. However, individuals reared on artificial diet took longer to develop and produced shorter-lived adults than cohorts reared on foliage. Larvae of both species would not eat fresh foliage after being fed on the artificial diet. Adults of both species maintianed on the artificial diet laid few eggs but resumed normal oviposition when fed fresh foliage. This artificial diet proved useful for rearing larvae and maintaining adults during periods when fresh foliage was limited.

Cyt1Aa Protein of Bacillus thuringiensisIs Toxic to the Cottonwood Leaf Beetle, Chrysomela scripta, and Suppresses High Levels of Resistance to Cry3Aa

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 4368-4371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Federici ◽  
Leah S. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Cry Proteins ◽  
Chrysomela Scripta ◽  
Blackfly Larvae ◽  
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle

ABSTRACT The insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis is due primarily to Cry and Cyt proteins. Cry proteins are typically toxic to lepidopterous, coleopterous, or dipterous insects, whereas the known toxicity of Cyt proteins is limited to dipterans. We report here that a Cyt protein, Cyt1Aa, is also highly toxic to the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta, with a median lethal concentration of 2.5 ng/mm2 of leaf surface for second-instar larvae. Additionally, we show that Cyt1Aa suppresses resistance to Cry3Aa greater than 5,000-fold in C. scripta, a level only partially overcome by Cry1Ba due to cross-resistance. Studies of the histopathology of C. scripta larvae treated with Cyt1Aa revealed disruption and sloughing of midgut epithelial cells, indicating that its mechanism of action against C. scripta is similar to that observed in mosquito and blackfly larvae. These novel properties suggest that Cyt proteins may have an even broader spectrum of activity against insects and, owing to their different mechanism of action in comparison to Cry proteins, might be useful in managing resistance to Cry3 and possibly other Cry toxins used in microbial insecticides and transgenic plants.

scholarly journals Optimization of Cry3A Yields in Bacillus thuringiensis by Use of Sporulation-Dependent Promoters in Combination with the STAB-SD mRNA Sequence

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 3932-3938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Woo Park ◽  
Baoxue Ge ◽  
Leah S. Bauer ◽  
Brian A. Federici
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Additional Method ◽  
Chrysomela Scripta ◽  
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle

ABSTRACT The insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensisstrains toxic to coleopterous insects is due to Cry3 proteins assembled into small rectangular crystals. Toxin synthesis in these strains is dependent primarily upon a promoter that is active in the stationary phase and a STAB-SD sequence that stabilizes the cry3transcript-ribosome complex. Here we show that significantly higher yields of Cry3A can be obtained by using dual sporulation-dependentcyt1Aa promoters to drive the expression ofcry3Aa when the STAB-SD sequence is included in the construct. The Cry3A yield per unit of culture medium obtained with this expression system was 12.7-fold greater than that produced by DSM 2803, the wild-type strain of B. thuringiensis from which Cry3Aa was originally described, and 1.4-fold greater than that produced by NB176, a mutant of the same strain containing two or three copies ofcry3Aa, which is the active ingredient of the commercial product Novodor, used for control of beetle pests. The toxicities of Cry3A produced with this construct or the wild-type strain were similar when assayed against larvae of the cottonwood leaf beetle,Chrysomela scripta. The volume of Cry3A crystals produced with cyt1Aa promoters and the STAB-SD sequence was 1.3-fold that of typical bipyramidal Cry1 crystals toxic to lepidopterous insects. The dual-promoter/STAB-SD system offers an additional method for potentially improving the efficacy of insecticides based onB. thuringiensis.

Gene diversity at allozyme loci in the cottonwood leaf beetle,Chrysomela scripta

1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Krafsur ◽  
J. Vos ◽  
P. Nariboli ◽  
G. Marquez
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Chrysomela Scripta ◽  
Cottonwood Leaf Beetle ◽  
Allozyme Loci

An Equilibrium Model of Leaf Water Potentials Which Separates Intra- and Extracellular Potentials

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Acock
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
High Water ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Matrix Bound ◽  
Water Contents

A model is proposed which makes it possible to estimate the intracellular turgor pressure potential, intracellular osmotic plus matric potential, and intra- and extracellular soIution fractions of water in leaf tissue at any water content. The model requires only the data normally collected with a thermocouple psychrometer: total water potential of live and dead (cells ruptured) tissue at various known water contents. The major assumptions are that (1) the total potential of water in the solution fraction in any part of the tissue multiplied by the volume of water is constant; (2) extracellular water experiences no pressure potential; (3) matrix-bound water is held only by matric forces and contains no solute; (4) the solution fraction of the intracellular water is constant at high water content; and (5) matrix-bound water content is constant over the range of leaf water contents normally examined. The models developed to deal with pressure bomb data are examined critically and doubts are cast on the validity of some of their assumptions.

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