INFLUENCE OF HOST AGE ON HOST ACCEPTABILITY AND SUITABILITY FOR A SPECIES OF TRICHOGRAMMA (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) ATTACKING AQUATIC DIPTERA

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 713-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Juliano
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Adult Parasitoid ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Host Acceptability ◽  
Constant Percentage

AbstractEggs of Sepedon fuscipennis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) < 1, 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4 days old were offered to inexperienced female Trichogramma sp. near californicum in a laboratory experiment. Exposure period (2 h) and number of host eggs offered at one time (10) were held constant. Percentage of hosts parasitized, total number of parasitoid progeny found in a group of hosts, percentage of parasitized hosts yielding adult parasitoids, and survivorship of parasitoid progeny to adulthood all decreased significantly with increased host age. Younger hosts yielded more than one adult parasitoid more often than did older hosts. Over 50% of the adult parasitoids emerging from hosts < 1, or 1–2 days old were female. Hosts 2–3 days old produced only males. The data show a somewhat different relationship of host age to host acceptance and suitability than do some published data on lepidopteran hosts of Trichogramma.

Infant Dietary Experience and Acceptance of Solid Foods

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Sullivan ◽  
Leann L. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Birth Records ◽  
Repeated Consumption

Objective. To examine the effects of dietary experience and milk feeding regimen on acceptance of their first vegetable by 4-to 6-month-old infants. Design. Longitudinal study, of 26-days duration, observing infants aged 4 to 6 months at the start of the study. Random assignment to treatments, within-subject control. Setting. General community in a medium-sized mid-western town. Subjects. Thirty-six infants and their mothers. Subjects were solicited through birth records and advertisements in local newspapers. Interventions. Infants were randomly assigned to be fed one vegetable on 10 occasions, either salted or unsalted peas or green beans, for a 10-day period. Outcome measures. Infant intake of the vegetable consumed during the 10-day exposure period; intake of salted and unsalted versions: (1) before the 10-day exposure period, (2) immediately after the exposure period; and (3) after a 1-week period of delay. Intake of a control food was also measured before and after repeated consumption of the vegetable. Adult ratings of the infants' videotaped responses during test feedings were also obtained before and after the exposure period. Results. After 10 opportunities to consume the vegetable, all infants significantly increased their intake (P &lt; .001). Although they did not differ initially, infants fed breast milk showed greater increases in intake of the vegetable after exposure and had an overall greater level of intake than formula-fed infants. Adult ratings of the infants' nonverbal responses correlated positively with infant intake. Conclusions. Infants increase their acceptance (reflected both in changes in intake and in behavioral response) of a novel food after repeated dietary exposure to that food. Relative to formula-feeding, breast-feeding may facilitate the acceptance of solid foods.

scholarly journals Predicting the Tensile Behavior of Ti-6.6Al-3.3Mo-1.8Zr-0.29Si Alloy via the Temperature-Dependent Crystal Plasticity Method

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3138
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Junhong Chen ◽  
Songlin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Plasticity ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Initial Yield Stress ◽  
Polycrystal Plasticity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Polycrystalline Model ◽  
Critical Resolved Shear Stress ◽  
Relationship Of

Uniaxial tensile flow properties of a duplex Ti-6.6Al-3.3Mo-1.8Zr-0.29Si alloy in a temperature range from 213 K to 573 K are investigated through crystal plasticity modelling. Experimental results indicate that the initial yield stress of the alloy decreases as the temperature increases, while its work-hardening behavior displays temperature insensitivity. Considering such properties of the alloy, the dependence of the initial critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) on temperature is taken into account in the polycrystal plasticity modelling. Good coincidence is obtained between modelling and the experimental results. The determined values of CRSS for slip systems are comparable to the published data. The proposed polycrystalline model provides an alternative method for better understanding the microstructure–property relationship of α + β titanium alloys at different temperatures in the future.

scholarly journals The analog free testosterone assay: are the results in men clinically useful?

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 2178-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J Winters ◽  
David E Kelley ◽  
Bret Goodpaster
Keyword(s):  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Testosterone Concentration ◽  
Low Testosterone ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Constant Percentage

Abstract Men with low testosterone concentrations are usually hypogonadal. However, because variations in the testosterone transport protein, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), directly influence the total testosterone concentration, confirmation of a low testosterone with a measurement of free testosterone or “bioavailable” testosterone (BAT) is recommended. In the present study, we examined the relationship of SHBG with free testosterone (Coat-A-Count assay, Diagnostic Products) and with BAT in men (n = 29) and women (n = 28) who participated in a study of the metabolic determinants of body composition. As expected, total testosterone was strongly positively correlated with SHBG among men (r = 0.68; P &lt;0.01). Although the BAT was independent of SHBG in men (r = 0.02), SHBG was an important predictor of free testosterone (r = 0. 62; P &lt;0.01). In contrast, in women serum concentrations of total testosterone (r = −0.26; P = 0.17), free testosterone (r = −0.30; P = 0.17), and BAT (r = −0.46; P = 0.013) all tended to be lower with increasing SHBG. Free testosterone was nearly perfectly positively correlated with total testosterone (r = 0.97) in men, among whom free testosterone represented a relatively constant percentage of the total testosterone (0.5–0.65%), and the percentage of free testosterone was unrelated to SHBG. Thus the Coat-A-Count free testosterone concentration in men, like the total testosterone concentration, is determined in part by plasma SHBG. Accordingly, androgen deficiency may be misclassified with this assay in men with low SHBG. Moreover, the previous findings of reduced free testosterone concentrations with hypertension or hyperinsulinemia or as a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, conditions in which SHBG is reduced, may have been methodology-related.

scholarly journals Functional heterogeneity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase as indicated by its differential development and inducibility by glucocorticoids. Demonstration of two groups within the enzyme's activity towards twelve substrates

1978 ◽  
Vol 174 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Differential Development ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Foetal Liver ◽  
Group A ◽  
Neonatal Group ◽  
Udp Glucuronosyltransferase ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 12 substrates has been assessed in rat liver during the perinatal period. 2. Between days 16 and 20 of gestation, enzyme activities towards the substrates 2-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzoate, 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 4-methylumbelliferone and 5-hydroxytryptamine (the ‘late foetal’ group) surge to reach adult values, while activities towards bilirubin, testosterone, beta-oestradiol, morphine, phenolphthalein, and chloramphenicol (the ‘neonatal’ group) remain negligible or at less than 10% of adult values. 3. By the second postnatal day, enzyme activities towards the neonatal group have attained, or approached adult values. 4. Dexamethasone precociously stimulates in 17-day foetal liver in utero transferase activities in the late foetal, but not the neonatal group. A similar inductive pattern is found for 15-day foetal liver in organ culture. 5. It is suggested that foetal glucocorticoids, whose synthesis markedly increases between days 16 and 20 of gestation, are responsibile for triggering the simultaneous surge of all the hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities in the late foetal group. The neonatal group of activities apparently require a different or additional stimulus for their appearance. 6. The relationship of these two groups of transferase activities to other similar groups observed during induction by xenobiotics and enzyme purification is discussed.

scholarly journals A retrospective analysis of pathogen profile, antimicrobial resistance and mortality in neonatal hospital-acquired bloodstream infections from 2009–2018 at Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kessendri Reddy ◽  
Adrie Bekker ◽  
Andrew C. Whitelaw ◽  
Tonya M. Esterhuizen ◽  
Angela Dramowski
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Neonatal Unit ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background Analysis of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection (HA-BSI) trends is important to monitor emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threats and guide empiric antibiotic choices. Methods A retrospective 10-year review of neonatal HA-BSI was performed at Tygerberg Hospital’s neonatal unit in Cape Town, South Africa. Neonatal clinical and laboratory data from 2014 to 2018 (Period 2) was compared with published data from 2009 to 2013 (Period 1). Results The neonatal unit’s HA-BSI rate declined between periods from 3.9/1000 inpatient-days in Period 1 to 3.3/1000 inpatient-days in Period 2 (p = 0.002). Pathogen yield and blood culture contamination rate were unchanged (11.0% to 10.4%, p = 0.233; 5.1% to 5.3%, p = 0.636 respectively). Gram-negative pathogens predominated (1047/1636; 64.0%); Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, Enterococcus species and Acinetobacter baumannii were the most frequent pathogens. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase production was observed in 319/432 (73.8%) of Klebsiella species, methicillin resistance in 171/246 (69.5%) of Staphylococcus aureus and extensive drug resistance in 115/137 (83.9%) of Acinetobacter species (2009–2018). The crude mortality rate of neonatal HA-BSI episodes increased from Period 1 to Period 2 from 139/717 (19.4%) to 179/718 (24.9%) (p = 0.014), but HA-BSI attributable mortality remained unchanged (97/139 [69.8%] vs 118/179 [65.9%], p = 0.542). The in-vitro activity of piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin declined during Period 2 (74.6% to 61.4%; p<0.001). Conclusion Although HA-BSI rates declined in the neonatal unit, antimicrobial resistance rates in BSI pathogens remained high. Continuous BSI surveillance is a valuable tool to detect changes in pathogen and AMR profiles and inform empiric antibiotic recommendations for neonatal units in resource-limited settings.

scholarly journals Modeling high-dimensional dependence in astronomical data

2020 ◽  
Vol 642 ◽  
pp. A156
Author(s):  
R. Vio ◽  
T. W. Nagler ◽  
P. Andreani
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Multidimensional Case ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Theoretical Treatment ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Fixing the relationship of a set of experimental quantities is a fundamental issue in many scientific disciplines. In the 2D case, the classical approach is to compute the linear correlation coefficient ρ from a scatterplot. This method, however, implicitly assumes a linear relationship between the variables. Such an assumption is not always correct. With the use of the partial correlation coefficients, an extension to the multidimensional case is possible. However, the problem of the assumed mutual linear relationship of the variables remains. A relatively recent approach that makes it possible to avoid this problem is the modeling of the joint probability density function of the data with copulas. These are functions that contain all the information on the relationship between two random variables. Although in principle this approach also can work with multidimensional data, theoretical as well computational difficulties often limit its use to the 2D case. In this paper, we consider an approach based on so-called vine copulas, which overcomes this limitation and at the same time is amenable to a theoretical treatment and feasible from the computational point of view. We applied this method to published data on the near-IR and far-IR luminosities and atomic and molecular masses of the Herschel reference sample, a volume-limited sample in the nearby Universe. We determined the relationship of the luminosities and gas masses and show that the far-IR luminosity can be considered as the key parameter relating the other three quantities. Once removed from the 4D relation, the residual relation among the latter is negligible. This may be interpreted as the correlation between the gas masses and near-IR luminosity being driven by the far-IR luminosity, likely by the star formation activity of the galaxy.

scholarly journals Relationship of Epiphytic Growth of Mycosphaerella citri to Greasy Spot Development on Citrus and to Disease Control with Fenbuconazole

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Mondal ◽  
L. W. Timmer
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Trap Plants ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Summer Growth ◽  
Ascospore Production ◽  
Citrus Trees

Greasy spot, caused by Mycosphaerella citri, produces foliar lesions and severe defoliation of citrus trees. Ascospore production and deposition by M. citri, development of epiphytic growth, and symptoms were monitored on grapefruit trees in the field and on rough lemon trap plants for 2 years. Ascospore production and deposition peaked in April to May both years. However, epiphytic mycelium did not develop extensively until the summer rainy season was well underway in July. Some epiphytic growth and symptoms formed on trap plants placed in the grove for 2-week periods throughout the year. In the summer, epiphytic growth was apparent 15 days after the exposure period, and symptoms appeared about 60 days after exposure, but development was much slower in cooler and drier months. One or two fenbuconazole applications before the development of epiphytic mycelium in July completely controlled greasy spot on spring growth leaves for 12 to 18 months. Applications in July or August were less effective. Epiphytic mycelium developed more rapidly on summer growth; therefore, fungicide applications need to be timed more precisely.

scholarly journals Coprescription of Tamoxifen and Medications That Inhibit CYP2D6

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (16) ◽  
pp. 2768-2776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostandinos Sideras ◽  
James N. Ingle ◽  
Matthew M. Ames ◽  
Charles L. Loprinzi ◽  
David P. Mrazek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Breast Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cancer Outcomes ◽  
Breast Cancer Outcomes ◽  
Tamoxifen Metabolism ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Metabolizing Enzyme ◽  
Relationship Of

Evidence has emerged that the clinical benefit of tamoxifen is related to the functional status of the hepatic metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). CYP2D6 is the key enzyme responsible for the generation of the potent tamoxifen metabolite, endoxifen. Multiple studies have examined the relationship of CYP2D6 status to breast cancer outcomes in tamoxifen-treated women; the majority of studies demonstrated that women with impaired CYP2D6 metabolism have lower endoxifen concentrations and a greater risk of breast cancer recurrence. As a result, practitioners must be aware that some of the most commonly prescribed medications coadministered with tamoxifen interfere with CYP2D6 function, thereby reducing endoxifen concentrations and potentially increasing the risk of breast cancer recurrence. After reviewing the published data regarding tamoxifen metabolism and the evidence relating CYP2D6 status to breast cancer outcomes in tamoxifen-treated patients, we are providing a guide for the use of medications that inhibit CYP2D6 in patients administered tamoxifen.

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