THE INFLUENCE OF APHID PREY CONSUMPTION ON SEARCHING BEHAVIOR, WEIGHT INCREASE, DEVELOPMENTAL TIME, AND MORTALITY OF CHRYSOPA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) AND HIPPODAMIA CONVERGENS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) LARVAE

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (11) ◽  
pp. 1007-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. U. Baumgaertner ◽  
A. P. Gutierrez ◽  
C. G. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Hippodamia Convergens ◽  
Hunger Level ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Chrysopa Carnea ◽  
Prey Aphids

AbstractThe behavior of larval stages of the green lace wing, Chrysopa carnea Stephens, and of the ladybird beetle Hippodamia convergens G.-M. were studied in the laboratory. With increasing hunger level, only first instar H. convergens larvae spent more time searching in the upper part of alfalfa stems, where both prey aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and Acyrthosiphon kondoi (Shinji), are found. All larval instars tested except first instar C. carnea visited more stems per unit time with increasing hunger level. The weight gain, the developmental time, and the mortality of all larvae were adversely influenced at low food levels, but differently for each predator size and species. C. carnea larvae had higher rates of fat body utilization and weight gain than coccinellid larvae.

scholarly journals Further evidence that mechanisms of host/symbiont integration are dissimilar in the maternal versus embryonic Acyrthosiphon pisum bacteriome

EvoDevo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste R. Banfill ◽  
Alex C. C. Wilson ◽  
Hsiao-ling Lu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Follicular Epithelium ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Asexual Embryogenesis

Abstract Background Host/symbiont integration is a signature of evolutionarily ancient, obligate endosymbioses. However, little is known about the cellular and developmental mechanisms of host/symbiont integration at the molecular level. Many insects possess obligate bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients. To advance understanding of the developmental and metabolic integration of hosts and endosymbionts, we track the localization of a non-essential amino acid transporter, ApNEAAT1, across asexual embryogenesis in the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Previous work in adult bacteriomes revealed that ApNEAAT1 functions to exchange non-essential amino acids at the A. pisum/Buchnera aphidicola symbiotic interface. Driven by amino acid concentration gradients, ApNEAAT1 moves proline, serine, and alanine from A. pisum to Buchnera and cysteine from Buchnera to A. pisum. Here, we test the hypothesis that ApNEAAT1 is localized to the symbiotic interface during asexual embryogenesis. Results During A. pisum asexual embryogenesis, ApNEAAT1 does not localize to the symbiotic interface. We observed ApNEAAT1 localization to the maternal follicular epithelium, the germline, and, in late-stage embryos, to anterior neural structures and insect immune cells (hemocytes). We predict that ApNEAAT1 provisions non-essential amino acids to developing oocytes and embryos, as well as to the brain and related neural structures. Additionally, ApNEAAT1 may perform roles related to host immunity. Conclusions Our work provides further evidence that the embryonic and adult bacteriomes of asexual A. pisum are not equivalent. Future research is needed to elucidate the developmental time point at which the bacteriome reaches maturity.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BIJI TANAMAN MINDI MELIA AZEDARACH (L.) TERHADAP SPODOPTERA LITURA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Hamdani Hamdani
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Activity of Melia azedarach (L.) seed extract against armyworm Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). This study was conducted to evaluate the effectivenes and biological activity of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) seed extract against armyworm, Spodoptera litura F. The first instar larvae were fed extract-treated cotton leaves for 2 days, then were maintained on untreated leaves until the third instar stage. Records were kept in regard to the larvae mortality and developmental time of surviving larvae from first instar to third instar. The result showed that Melia azedarach L. seed extract at consentration of 50 g of seeds/l of water (5%) exhibited moderate insecticidal activity against S. litura larvae (43.33 - 68.33% mortality). Addition of detergen at 0.2% to extract did not increase insecticidal activity of the extract. However, boiling seed extract at consentration of 50 g of seeds/l of water (5%) during 10 until 20 minutes increased insecticidal activity of extract (66.67 - 68.33% mortality). Generally, M. azedarach seed extract treatment did not affect  developmental time of  S. litura larvae.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) isolates on fig moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) Larvae

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 943-951
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Ephestia Cautella ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Paper Method

The following dilution 5×10-1, 10-1, 10?2 , 10-3 gm/L for the indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria and the commercially isalate were used for experiments against the different stages of fig moth of E.cautella which exposed by filter paper method. The results showed that mortality of larval stages was increased with the increasing concentration of the biocide, in addition to increase in the mortality of the larval stages reached to the highest percentage in the third days of treatment of the larval stage in comparison with the first and second days of exposure. The results also showed that the sensitivity of larval stages was increased in first and second instars while reduced in the last instars .The high percentage of first instar mortality for the indigenous isolate in the concentration of 5×10-1 was 72.8% , while the low percentage of mortality showed in the concentration of 5×10-1 for the fifth instar larvae which was 13.3% in third days of treatment while a high percentage of mortality was showed for the first instar larvae for the commercially isulate in the concentration of 5×10-1 was 59.4% Furthermore, low percentage of mortality was shown in the concentration of 5×10-1 in fifth instar larval which was 8.3% in the third days of treatment. The results also showed that the indigenous isolated was more effective than the commercially produced bacteria for killing larval instars of fig moth E.cautella .The total percentage of larval instar mortality reached to 44.5 % after the third days of treatment in concentration 5×10-1 in the indigenous isolate , and it was 33.8 % in the commercially produced bacteria .

Experimental infections withCooperia oncophora(Railliet, 1918) in calves. Results of single infections with two graded dose levels of larvae

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. M. Borgsteede ◽  
J. Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Cooperia Oncophora ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Haematological Data

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out in which calves reared parasite-free were infected with a single dose of 3rd-stage larvae ofCooperia oncophora. In the first experiment the calves received 20000 or 200000 infective larvae and they were autopsied 28 or 56 days after the infection. In the second experiment the doses were the same but the animals were killed 14, 84 or 140 days after infection. If a dose of 20000 was given, clinical signs were never observed, while at a dose level of 200000 the weight gain was less on 56 and 84 days after the infection compared with the low-infected groups or the control animals. After 140 days the differences in weight gain were compensated. Faecal egg output was higher in the 200000 groups only in the first period of patency, thereafter the calves in the 20000 groups produced more. No obvious differences between the two infection levels were observed with regard to the haematological data. In the low-infected groups worm counts were only slightly lower when the results after 28 days were compared with those after 56 days. Also, the worm numbers after 14 days were almost equal to those after 84 days, while at 140 days 1 animal still had the same number, the other one had lost its worm burden. In the high-infected groups the worm loss was much quicker. After 28 days a great part of the population had already been lost. Obviously, at the 200000 level the reaction of the host against the parasite was much stronger. Adult worms were expelled at a higher rate than early 4th-larval stages. In the first experiment worm measurements revealed differences between the length of females, males and spicules of males, these being significantly longer in the low-infected groups. Analysis of the distribution of worms over the small intestine showed that in the low-infected groups worms were mainly restricted to the first 6 metres. In the high-infected groups the worm population was distributed more evenly over the whole small intestine.

scholarly journals Assessment of Chrysoperla comanche (Banks) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) as Biological Control Agents of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under Glasshouse Conditions

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Héctor Manuel Luna-Espino ◽  
Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez ◽  
Víctor Rogelio Castrejón-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Fruit Damage ◽  
Experimental Cage ◽  
Predatory Capacity

We tested the predatory capacity of newly-hatched or newly-molted Chrysoperla comanche (Banks) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) larvae after a 24 h fasting period on adults of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) that were feeding on tomato plants (at vegetative and blooming stage) under glasshouse conditions. We also recorded fruit damage by the thrips. Both Chysoperla spp. depredated a similar number of F. occidentalis (thrips) adults regardless of the phenological stage of the plant. Second and third instar larvae of both species consumed significantly more thrips than first instar during plant blooming, however when the plant was at vegetative stage, all larval stages of both species predated a similar number of thrips. A significantly lower fruit damage percentage was recorded at the blooming plant when C. comanche larvae were in the experimental cage, however the presence of second and third instar of both species significantly reduced the fruit damage. No foliar damage was recorded. As far as we know, this is the first assessment of the predatory capacity of C. comanche and C. externa on thrips feeding on tomato under glasshouse conditions.

Host Age Effects on Ovipositional and Developmental Biology of Baryscapus chrysopae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasitoid of Chrysopid Larvae

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-293
Author(s):  
John R. Ruberson ◽  
Timothy J. Kring
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Chrysoperla Rufilabris ◽  
Host Stage ◽  
Gregarious Parasitoid

The parasitoid, Baryscapus (=Tetrastichus) chrysopae (Crawford), is a widely-distributed gregarious parasitoid of chrysopid larvae. The ovipositional and developmental biology of this parasitoid in relation to the stage of its host, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister), was examined. Female B. chrysopae attacked all larval stages of the host tested (instars 1 to 3), and paralyzed all hosts soon after mounting and stinging. During the host's paralysis, females oviposited in and fed on hosts. The time females spent on hosts was directly related to host stage. All hosts recovered from paralysis. Parasitoid developmental time was inversely related to host stage and ranged from 27.5 d in 1-d-old hosts to 20.5 d in 10-d-old hosts. Most development of parasitoid larvae appears to occur after the host has spun its pupal cocoon. The number of parasitoids produced per host was unrelated to host stage, ranging from 10.5 (in 1-d-old hosts) to 14.2 (in 7-d-old hosts) parasitoids per host. The sex ratio was skewed toward females (81.6% pooled across host stages) and was unrelated to host stage. The developmental biology of B. chrysopae appears to be well synchronized with that of its host.

Effects of parasitization by the insect parasite Hyposoter exiguae on the growth, development and physiology of its host Trichoplusia ni

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Esterase ◽  
Insect Parasite ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Growth Development

SummaryThe weight gain and growth rate of Trichoplusia ni larvae were severely depressed following parasitization by the insect parasite, Hyposoter exiguae. The development of the host was also delayed and juvenile hormone esterase activity present at the normal time of moulting was absent in parasitized insects. Similar effects on growth and development were achieved by rearing host insects on nutrient-deficient media. Accompanying the above effects of parasitization were alterations in dry/wet weight ratio and host haemolymph osmolality. Parasitization resulted in immediate increases in the concentrations of haemolymph non-glycogen carbohydrate (composed of trehalose, maltose and glucose) and protein. The concentration of fat body glycogen also increased following parasitization. In contrast, the concentration of haemolymph non-glycogen carbohydrate and protein, as well as fat body glycogen, decreased in nutrient-deprived larvae. The significance of the above results as they relate to the insect parasite–host relationship is discussed.

scholarly journals THE PHENOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF APHIDS IN CALIFORNIA ALFALFA AS MODIFIED BY LADYBIRD BEETLE PREDATION (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Gutierrez ◽  
C. G. Summers ◽  
J. Baumgaertner
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Hippodamia Convergens ◽  
Ladybird Beetle ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Aphid Populations

AbstractThe phenologies and distributions of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), blue alfalfa aphid (A. kondoi (Shinji)), and spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)) were intensively studied in California alfalfa. The results showed, as expected, that aphid populations across all densities were aggregated; but that ladybird beetle (Hippodamia convergens (G.-M.)) predation increased the degree of aggregation. The distribution parameters of the aphids were estimated using methods developed by Iwao and Kuno (1971).

scholarly journals Aphids evolved novel secreted proteins for symbiosis with bacterial endosymbiont

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1750) ◽  
pp. 20121952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Shigenobu ◽  
David L. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Orphan Genes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Host Aphid

Aphids evolved novel cells, called bacteriocytes, that differentiate specifically to harbour the obligatory mutualistic endosymbiotic bacteria Buchnera aphidicola . The genome of the host aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum contains many orphan genes that display no similarity with genes found in other sequenced organisms, prompting us to hypothesize that some of these orphan genes are related to lineage-specific traits, such as symbiosis. We conducted deep sequencing of bacteriocytes mRNA followed by whole mount in situ hybridizations of over-represented transcripts encoding aphid-specific orphan proteins. We identified a novel class of genes that encode small proteins with signal peptides, which are often cysteine-rich, that are over-represented in bacteriocytes. These genes are first expressed at a developmental time point coincident with the incorporation of symbionts strictly in the cells that contribute to the bacteriocyte and this bacteriocyte-specific expression is maintained throughout the aphid's life. The expression pattern suggests that recently evolved secretion proteins act within bacteriocytes, perhaps to mediate the symbiosis with beneficial bacterial partners, which is reminiscent of the evolution of novel cysteine-rich secreted proteins of leguminous plants that regulate nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts.

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