MATING BEHAVIOR OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) VI. SITE OF EARLY-SEASON ENCOUNTERS

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Courtney Smith ◽  
Ronald J. Prokopy
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Early Season

AbstractField observations of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) adults on apple and hawthorn trees revealed that mating encounters occur on leaves in early-season and shift to fruit with the onset of oviposition. Most matings on leaves are initiated from a male frontal approach to the female and most of those on fruit from a rear approach while the female is engaged in some phase of oviposition behavior. This suggests that matings on fruit may be forced matings with unreceptive females.

MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): I. SITE OF ASSEMBLY

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1405-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Edward W. Bennett ◽  
Guy L. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Plant Laboratory ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Strong Agreement

AbstractThe results of systematically conducted field observations revealed that the site of male:female assembly for mating in apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was exclusively on the fruit of the larval host plant. Laboratory observations were in strong agreement with this finding.

MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): V. VIRGIN FEMALE ATTRACTION TO MALE ODOR

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 905-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Principal Role ◽  
Male Odor ◽  
Female Attraction ◽  
Virgin Male ◽  
Female Attractant

AbstractEvidence from studies in large field cages indicated that odor from virgin male apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was attractive to virgin females. Whether the principal role of this odor in mating behavior is in fact that of a female attractant or rather that of an aphrodisiac is uncertain and awaits further study.

MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): III. MALE AGGREGATION IN RESPONSE TO AN ARRESTANT

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Guy L. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Male Aggregation

AbstractMale apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were present on ceresin wax domes (the site of oviposition and the site of assembly for mating) in much greater relative frequency when caged with 1 or more females or with several other males than when caged alone. Field and laboratory experiments subsequently revealed that a principal stimulus eliciting this greater degree of male assembly was an unidentified chemical(s) deposited on the surface of apples and ceresin domes by both sexes (but in greater amount by mature females) causing arriving males to spend up to twice as much time there as on untreated fruit. The presence of the chemical did not elicit any greater attraction of males to the fruit. The consequence of the longer male residency on domes with the chemical was male aggregation and an ensuant higher frequency of mutual encounter and attempted copulation than on untreated domes. While the chemical acts to arrest males, we theorize that mere detection of its presence may be sufficient to cause males to remain in the vicinity and watch for females.

MATING BEHAVIOR OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): IV. COURTSHIP

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Guy L. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Host Fruit ◽  
Tactile Contact ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
Cherry Trees

AbstractThe results of systematically-conducted, mid- to late-season observations and experiments on large populations of apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in apple and sour cherry trees revealed the following sequences in courtship behavior. When environmental conditions are favorable, sexually mature males and females fly to the host fruit, the site of assembly for mating and the site of oviposition. Either sex may initiate the flight which takes it to the particular fruit occupied by a member of the opposite sex. Such flights by males are often in response to the visual stimulus of a female (or male) moving about on a fruit, while such flights by females seem to be primarily in response to the fruit as a potential oviposition site. Once on the same fruit, a male and a female locate one another apparently solely through vision, particularly movement. They walk to within 1–3 cm of one another, but there is no tactile contact until such time as the male attempts copulation by jumping onto the back of the female from this distance.The position from which the copulatory jump is made is variable. Sometimes it is made from a face to face position, with one or both flies having waved its pictured wings at the other. Occasionally it is made from the side or from a flight from a nearby fruit directly onto a female’s abdomen. Most often however, it is made when a male is stimulated by the forward movement of a female, approaches her from the rear, and jumps onto her abdomen from the rear without the female having seen the male. Most copulation attempts, and especially most successful attempts, are initiated while the female is engaged in some phase of oviposition behavior. Males attempt copulation with other males just as often as with females, strongly suggesting that at least up until the time of tactile contact, males are unable to distinguish between the sexes. The fact that a number of male and female apple maggot flies was observed in copula with R. fausta flies in sour cherry trees suggests that neither sex may be able to discriminate too well between members of its own species and members of other species whose wing and body patterns are similar in appearance However males were usually, although not always, able to distinguish stable flies from apple maggot flies prior to tactile contact.We discuss the known and possible roles of various visual, chemical acoustical, and physical-tactile cues involved in the courtship behavior and suggest that the most important factor insuring reproductive isolation in apple maggot flies at the pre-copulatory stage may be the selection of the proper host plant for oviposition and hence for assembly for mating.

A LOW-SPRAY APPLE-PEST-MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR SMALL ORCHARDS

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Petroleum Oil

AbstractFrom 1981 to 1984, a low-spray management program was employed against injurious arthropods on the 40 disease-resistant apple trees in my experimental orchard in Massachusetts. The program consisted of an annual early-season application of petroleum oil followed by 2 applications of phosmet (1 at petal fall and another 10–14 days later). Visual traps were used to suppress Rhagoletis pomonella flies. For all years combined, a mean of 89.7% of fruit sampled at harvest in this orchard was free of insect injury compared with 0% uninjured fruit on neighboring unsprayed trees. Populations of foliar-feeding pests never reached injurious levels.

scholarly journals Effects of heat and drought on carbon and water dynamics in a regenerating semi-arid pine forest: a combined experimental and modeling approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 551-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Ruehr ◽  
B. E. Law ◽  
D. Quandt ◽  
M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Spa Model ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Increasing summer temperatures and a reduction in precipitation will enhance drought stress in Mediterranean and semi-arid ecosystems. Predicting the net effects on forests' carbon and water balance will depend on our ability to disentangle the sensitivity of component fluxes responding to increasing soil and atmospheric drought. Here we studied carbon and water dynamics in a semi-arid regenerating ponderosa pine forest using field observations and process based modeling. Field observations of two summer dry seasons were used to calibrate a soil-plant-atmosphere (SPA) model. In addition, the ecosystem's response to reduced soil drought was quantified based on a field watering experiment and evaluated with the model. Further, the SPA model was used to estimate the relative effects of increasing soil and atmospheric drought over time, by simulating temperature and precipitation scenarios for 2040 and 2080. The seasonality and drought response of ecosystem fluxes was well captured by the calibrated SPA model. Dramatic increases in summer water availability during seasonal drought had a small effect on pine physiology in both the watering experiment and the model. This clearly demonstrates that atmospheric drought induced a strong limitation on carbon uptake in young ponderosa pine due to tight regulation of stomatal conductance. Moreover, simulations showed that net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and gross primary productivity (GPP) were about three times more affected by summer heat and increased evaporative demand than by reductions in summer precipitation. Annual NEE decreased by 38% in response to extreme summer conditions as predicted to occur in 2080 (June–August: +4.5 °C), because of a strong decline in GPP (−17%) while heterotrophic respiration was relatively unaffected (−1%). Considering warming trends across all seasons (September–May: +3 °C and June–August: +4.5 °C), the negative drought effects were largely compensated by an earlier initiation of favorable growing conditions and bud break, enhancing early season GPP and needle biomass. An adverse effect, triggered by changes in early season allocation patterns, was the decline of wood and root biomass. This imbalance may increase water stress over the long-term to a threshold at which ponderosa pine may not survive, and highlights the need for an integrated process understanding of the combined effects of trends and extremes.

scholarly journals Phenology of competitive interactions and implications for management of the invasive wetland plant Alternanthera philoxeroides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Harms ◽  
James Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Priority Effects ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Wetland Plant ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Emergent Species

Phenological differences between invading plants and members of recipient communities may increase the success of invaders because of priority effects. Thus, the application of management when the invader has a phenological advantage (for example, early in the year) can benefit other species by increasing resource availability. This technical note summarizes results from a combination of field observations and a mesocosm experiment to explore whether phenological differences between the invasive wetland plant, alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides [Mart.] Grseb.), and resident species contribute to alligatorweed success. We documented over two years the early-season growth of alligatorweed and other species at 12 sites in Louisiana, USA. We then conducted a subsequent mesocosm competition experiment between alligatorweed and a common wetland emergent species, spotted lady’s thumb (Persicaria maculosa [L.] Small), over a full year to detect differences in timing of growth and competitive interactions under two fertilizer levels.

MATING BEHAVIOR OF NEOCONOCEPHALUS ENSIGER (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THE CALLING SONG

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl T. Gwynne
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
External Evidence

AbstractNeoconocephalus ensiger (Harris) mating is described from field observations. The sequence of mating events is presented along with a brief description of the physical parameters of the calling song. Mating differs from other tettigoniids in that the copulation time is longer and there is no external evidence of a spermatophore. The significance of these differences is discussed.

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