EFFICACY OF PHOSMET AND AZINPHOSMETHYL FOR CONTROL OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF APPLE IN ONTARIO

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. 1075-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. C. Hagley ◽  
Miko Chiba
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Toxicological Studies

AbstractPhosmet (Imidan 50% WP) applied at 1.22 kg a.i./ha controlled the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, and plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst, in Ontario apple orchards for more than 3 weeks. Although rain removed phosmet deposits and climatic conditions varied widely during 1971–76, results consistently showed that good pest control was obtained. Satisfactory results were also obtained with azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50% WP) applied at 0.45 kg a.i./ha. Toxicological studies showed that phosmet deposits on the lower surface of apple leaves produced 38–100% mortality of first instar codling moth larvae 15 days after application depending on the time the pesticide was applied. Fifty per cent and 95% lethal residues were 0.18–0.68 μg/cm2 and 0.50–1.36 μg/cm2 of leaf surface, respectively. The toxicity of the residues declined considerably 22 days after application.A phosmet deposit of 0.5 μg/cm2 15–22 days after spray application is suggested as the minimum level required to obtain an economically acceptable level of control in the field.

Considerations in experiments for the control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)) in apples

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
KM Cellier
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Individual Trees

A study was made of some aspects to be considered in experiments for the control of codling moth in apples. Examination of the number of fruit damaged by either deep entries or stings in samples of 100 fruit showed that the counts of damaged fruit could be considered as random samples from a Poisson (or binomial) distribution both within trees and also in plots up to a size of four test trees. An optimum plot size and sampling procedure was determined in experiments for the control of codling moth in apples. A single-tree plot with four samples per tree is optimum for unguarded plots, and plots of either one, two, three, or four trees with four samples per tree are satisfactory for guarded plots where the trees are hand-sprayed. Guarding seems an unnecessary safeguard and expense for hand-sprayed plots. Where "Air-Blast" spray machines are used, large plots with a double guard row are necessary, and it is sufficient to examine two to four samples per tree. It is suggested that Smith's heterogeneity law can be used to obtain the optimum plot size in experiments for the control of insect pests, and possibly of diseases on fruit trees. No reduction in experimental error was obtained by using the crop size of individual trees as a covariate in an analysis of covariance.

scholarly journals Economic Impact of a Potential Expansion of Pest Infestation: Apple Maggot in Washington State

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-659
Author(s):  
Suzette P. Galinato ◽  
R. Karina Gallardo ◽  
David M. Granatstein ◽  
Mike Willett
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Production Areas

Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) is an insect pest of apple (Malus domestica) that is currently limited in extent in the commercial production areas of Washington State thanks to a quarantine program. We estimate the costs to the Washington economy if this pest were to spread more widely. Apple maggot control costs are related to the pressure of codling moth (Cydia pomonella), the most prevalent insect pest in commercial apple production in Washington State. It was found that the losses for the Washington apple industry’s range from $510 million to $557 million, depending on the codling moth pressure. Our findings underscore the importance of an efficient quarantine program that minimized the risk of spreading the pest along with additional costs associated with quarantined areas.

Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblages in Apple Orchards Receiving Pheromone-based or Conventional Tortricid Management Programs

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-516
Author(s):  
Erik K. Gronning ◽  
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Poecilus Lucublandus

Pitfall trapping was used to assess the effect of a low-spray mating disruption program targeted against the codling moth and leafrollers on carabid communities (potential predators of codling moth, Cydia pomonella [L.], leafrollers [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] and apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella [Walsh]) in the orchard ground cover. Abundance and species richness of carabids were generally higher in mating disruption blocks relative to conventionally-managed blocks. Over 2 yrs, 3,173 carabids representing 62 species in 27 genera were collected. The most common carabids (more than 5% of the total carabid population) were Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) (38.2%), Harpalus erythropus Dejean (11.4%), Poecilus lucublandus (Say) (10.1%), Dicaelus elongatus Bonelli (6.2%) and Harpalus longicollis LeConte (5.9%).

scholarly journals An Assessment of Organic Apple Production in Kentucky

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Williams ◽  
John G. Strang ◽  
Ricardo T. Bessin ◽  
Derek Law ◽  
Delia Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Apple Production

Although the interest in and production acreage of organic fruit and vegetables has grown in recent years, there are questions about the viability of perennial crops such as apple (Malus ×domestica) in an organic system in Kentucky because of the long, hot, and humid growing season. Thus, the objective of this project was to assess the severity of the challenges to organic apple production in Kentucky. A high-density, organic apple orchard was established in 2007 in the University of Kentucky Horticultural Research Farm in Lexington. The orchard of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)–resistant ‘Redfree’, ‘Crimson Crisp’, and ‘Enterprise’ trees on ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9) rootstock, trained in a vertical axis system, was managed using organically certified techniques and materials for disease and insect control since its inception. Tree growth, tree and fruit injury from insect pests and diseases, and yield over the period 2011–13 were studied. Periodic, shallow cultivation kept the ground beneath the trees free of vegetation once the lower limbs were pulled up and away from the path of the equipment. Vole (Microtus sp.) damage was a continuing problem despite the use of trunk guards and cultivation to remove habitat around the trees. Total fruit yield ranged from 1.2 to 8.1 kg/tree across years and cultivars, with the marketable proportion of the total yield averaging 68% for Redfree and 43% for Crimson Crisp and Enterprise over the 3-year period. The unmarketable fruit exhibited a high incidence of plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) damage, with generally less damage from codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and sooty blotch (Glosodes pomigena)/flyspeck (Schizathyrium pomi). In addition, in two of the three seasons, ‘Crimson Crisp’ and ‘Enterprise’, which were harvested at later calendar dates then ‘Redfree’, had significant levels of powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) injury, ‘Enterprise’ had significantly greater bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata), and ‘Crimson Crisp’ showed fruit and foliar damage from cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae). Because ‘Redfree’ was the only cultivar with an acceptable marketable proportion of the fruit crop, the use of early ripening disease-resistant apple cultivars may have the greatest potential for successful organic apple production in Kentucky and the surrounding region.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Codling Moth in Low Latitude Countries: Validation of Pest Distribution Reports

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Willett ◽  
Lisa Neven ◽  
Charles E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Analysis Process

Phytosanitary restrictions are increasingly a factor in the ability of U.S. tree fruit exporters to gain and maintain access to worldwide markets. Under international trade rules, these restrictions must be based on specific guidelines, including an assessment of whether the proposed quarantine pest is likely to establish and spread under the climatic conditions of the importing country. Given the interest in and growth of temperate fruit production in the tropics, countries in the region (such as Taiwan, Columbia, Indonesia, and Thailand) have begun to impose a range of quarantine restrictions aimed at preventing the introduction of temperate zone pests. Apples (Malus ×domestica) are regulated in certain tropical/subtropical countries, such as Taiwan, for the presence of codling moth (CM; Cydia pomonella) in spite of reports in the literature that the distribution of CM is theoretically limited by daylength and chilling requirements to temperate regions. This work provides background as to why CM has been identified as a potential pest of quarantine concern in some low latitude countries; describes an approach used to validate worldwide CM distribution reports, providing additional information to allow for the revision of CM distribution maps; and demonstrates how accurate information regarding pest species distribution reports can aid in establishing an argument of ecological nonadaptability in the pest risk analysis process. Currently, a report of CM in Peru remains the only account of this pest's presence in low latitude countries that could not be refuted by the approach described here.

The results of field trials of the codling moth pheromone preparations in 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Dmitriyeva ◽  
◽  
I.M. Mityushev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Screening ◽  
Tube Type ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Polyethylene Dispenser

This article presents the results of field screening of pheromone preparations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., conducted in 2020 under conditions of the Central Region of the Russian Federation. The new «Tube» type dispensers were tested vs. standard foil-polyethylene dispenser.

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