SAMPLING THE DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF AMBLYSEIUS FALLACIS (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) IN THE GROUND COVER OF MICHIGAN APPLE ORCHARDS

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. McGroarty ◽  
B. A. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Amblyseius Fallacis ◽  
Sample Technique ◽  
Parthenocissus Quinquefolia

AbstractAn extraction method, timed counts taken from broadleafed forbs, and counts taken on apple sucker leaves were evaluated as sampling methods to estimate populations of the predatory phytoseiid mite Amblyseius fallacis Garman in the ground cover of commercial apple orchards. All three gave comparable density estimates at moderate and high population levels. The extraction sample technique was most effective in measuring low population densities, however the timed vegetational procedure was deemed the most practical method for monitoring these mites for pest management purposes. With respect to predator distribution in the ground cover, mites were aggregated somewhat in the heterogeneous understory, but were almost randomly distributed on apple sucker leaves. Predators were equally likely to find prey irrespective of location beneath the tree canopy. They showed little preference for different plant species with the exception of a higher incidence than expected on apple (Malus) and possibly on grape (Vitus sp.) and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia).

scholarly journals Natural Regeneration of the Tree Stand in the Bilberry Spruce Forest—Clear-Cutting Ecotone Complex in the First Post-Logging Decade

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Genikova ◽  
Viktor N. Mamontov ◽  
Alexander M. Kryshen ◽  
Vladimir A. Kharitonov ◽  
Sergey A. Moshnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Bilberry spruce forests are the most widespread forest type in the European boreal zone. Limiting the clear-cuttings size leads to fragmentation of forest cover and the appearance of large areas of ecotone complexes, composed of forest (F), a transition from forest to the cut-over site under tree canopy (FE), a transition from forest to the cut-over site beyond tree canopy (CE), and the actual clear-cut site (C). Natural regeneration of woody species (spruce, birch, rowan) in the bilberry spruce stand—clear-cut ecotone complex was studied during the first decade after logging. The effects produced by the time since cutting, forest edge aspect, and the ground cover on the emergence and growth of trees and shrubs under forest canopy and openly in the clear-cut were investigated. Estimating the amount and size of different species in the regeneration showed FE and CE width to be 8 m—roughly half the height of first-story trees. Typical forest conditions (F) feature a relatively small amount of regenerating spruce and birch. The most favorable conditions for natural regeneration of spruce in the clear-cut—mature bilberry spruce stand ecotone are at the forest edge in areas of transition both towards the forest and towards the clear-cut (FE and CE). Clear-cut areas farther from the forest edge (C) offer an advantage to regenerating birch, which grows densely and actively in this area.

A SURVEY OF PREDATORY MITES IN ONTARIO APPLE ORCHARDS WITH DIVERSE PESTICIDE PROGRAMS

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M.A. Thistlewood
Keyword(s):  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Amblyseius Fallacis ◽  
Phyllonorycter Blancardella ◽  
Zetzellia Mali

AbstractLeaves were collected between 28 July and 10 September from 36 (1986) and 85 (1987) apple orchards, and examined for mites. Twelve species of Phytoseiidae were found: Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Typhlodromus longipilus Nesbitt, A. andersoni (Chant), T. caudiglans Schuster, T. pyri Scheuten, T. pomi (Parrott), Phytoseius macropilis (Banks), T. herbertae Chant, A. driggeri Specht, A. finlandicus (Oudemans), T. conspicuus (Garman), and A. pusillus (Kennett), in order of frequency. The stigmaeid mites Zetzellia mali (Ewing) and Agistemus fleschneri Summers, a complex of erythraeid mites of Balaustium spp. and Hauptmannia spp., and tydeid mites, primarily Tydeus spp., were other common predatory species. Species of Tetranychidae, Bdellidae, Eriophyidae, Winterschmidtiidae, and Tarsonemidae, also were collected.Predatory mites were present each season in all abandoned orchards and in 43–74% of the commercial orchards. Their abundance in commercial orchards was compared with the use of insecticides applied only for control of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.). Fewer (P < 0.05) phytoseiids occurred where pyrethroids were employed than in sites without pyrethroids, but differences were not found for similar use of the carbamoyl oxime, methomyl. Fewer (P < 0.05) stigmaeids occurred in sites treated with methomyl than in sites without methomyl, whereas such differences were not found for pyrethroid use.

Impact of soil management systems on organic dwarf apple orchards and soil aggregate stability, bulk density, temperature and water content

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice D. Walsh ◽  
Angus F. MacKenzie ◽  
S. Salmins ◽  
Deborah J. Buszard
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Straw Mulch

With growing pressure to reduce pesticide use, fruit growers require an alternative to herbicidal control of weeds. One option is the use of mulches or permanent vegetative ground covers, which in turn may have advantages in promoting soil physical properties and improving growth. This study examined the short-term effects of ground cover management in two newly established dwarf apple orchards in Quebec. Effects of cultivation, composted manure mulch, straw mulch, grass cover crops, a cover crop mixture of lupin and wild carrot (mixed flora) and geotextile were determined, comparing soil aggregate stability, bulk density, temperature, volumetric water content and tree growth. Straw and geotextile mulches resulted in higher soil water contents and tree growth relative to soil under grass or mixed flora ground cover. Ground cover maintained soil aggregate stability. Soil temperatures were highest under cultivation and geotextile treatments in spring and summer months, and apple yields and growth rates were greater than for ground cover treatments. Straw mulch buffered soil from temperature variation. Little effect of mulch treatments on soil bulk density was observed. Given that soil water content was the primary factor related to optimum orchard production straw and geotextile mulches promoted soil water retention and could be considered superior management options for growers, depending on costs of establishment and maintenance of the mulches. Key words: Mulches, ground cover, bulk density, aggregate stability, soil temperature, volumetric water content

AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR APPLE ORCHARDS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC,

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 1131-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Bostanian ◽  
L.J. Coulombe
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Amblyseius Fallacis ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
The Cost

AbstractAn IPM program was developed to control Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beaiivois), Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), and Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), the annual key pests of apple orchards in southwestern Quebec. The program was found to control other pests, such as Orthosia hibisci (Guenée). Phytophagous tetranychids were controlled with the introduction of an organophosphate-resistant strain of Amblyseius fallacis Garman, Key pests were monitored carefully and pesticide applications were timed to correspond to their presence in the orchard. After an extremely severe winter and late spring frosts, the IPM program failed to provide commercially acceptable pest control. A measure to correct this problem is suggested in the text. This program reduced the cost of pesticide treatments by 34% when compared with pest control practices currently used by commercial growers in Quebec.

scholarly journals Initial Growth of Irrigated Hybrid Poplar Decreased by Ground Covers

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton C. Shock ◽  
Erik B.G. Feibert ◽  
Lamont D. Saunders ◽  
Majid Seddigh
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
The Third

Abstract Four ground covers were compared with bare soil for their effects on the growth of irrigated poplar trees from 1997 through 1999 at the Malheur Experiment Station near Ontario, OR. Stem cuttings of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P.nigra , clone ‘OP-367’) were planted in April 1997 at a 14 × 14-ft spacing. Ground cover treatments consisted of (1) bare soil maintained with a preplant herbicide and cultivations, (2) mowed weeds, (3) wheat (Triticum aestivum) between tree rows, (4) alfalfa (Medicago sativa) between tree rows, and (5) squash (Cucurbita maxima) between tree rows. The field was irrigated uniformly using micro sprinklers along the tree rows. Wood volume at the end of September in 1997 and 1998 was significantly greater for the bare soil than any ground cover. By the end of September 1998, wood volume in bare soil plots was more than 100% greater than in mowed weed plots, and almost 50% greater than in squash plots. During the third growing season, the incremental growth of wood volume was similar among the bare soil treatment, mowed weeds, and the plots that had previously been planted to squash but remained bare in the third year due to closure of the tree canopy. Without consideration of the economic value of cover crops, results suggest that, in eastern Oregon, poplar wood volume during the first three years is the greatest when the ground is kept bare.West.J. Appl. For. 17(2):61–65.

Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblages in Apple Orchards Receiving Pheromone-based or Conventional Tortricid Management Programs

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-516
Author(s):  
Erik K. Gronning ◽  
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Poecilus Lucublandus

Pitfall trapping was used to assess the effect of a low-spray mating disruption program targeted against the codling moth and leafrollers on carabid communities (potential predators of codling moth, Cydia pomonella [L.], leafrollers [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] and apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella [Walsh]) in the orchard ground cover. Abundance and species richness of carabids were generally higher in mating disruption blocks relative to conventionally-managed blocks. Over 2 yrs, 3,173 carabids representing 62 species in 27 genera were collected. The most common carabids (more than 5% of the total carabid population) were Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) (38.2%), Harpalus erythropus Dejean (11.4%), Poecilus lucublandus (Say) (10.1%), Dicaelus elongatus Bonelli (6.2%) and Harpalus longicollis LeConte (5.9%).

Effects of Ground Cover Treatments and Insecticide Use on Population Density and Damage Caused by Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Apple Orchards

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 993-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Michael Hardman ◽  
Klaus I. N. Jensen ◽  
Debra L. Moreau ◽  
Jeffrey L. Franklin ◽  
Erika D. Bent
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Apple Orchards

scholarly journals Soil microbial biomass under different management and tillage systems of permanent intercropped cover species in an orange orchard

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1873-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elcio Liborio Balota ◽  
Pedro Antonio Martins Auler
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Brachiaria Humidicola ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Leguminous Species

To mitigate soil erosion and enhance soil fertility in orange plantations, the permanent protection of the inter-rows by cover species has been suggested. The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in the microbial biomass, due to different soil tillage systems and intercropped cover species between rows of orange trees. The soil of the experimental area previously used as pasture (Brachiaria humidicola) was an Ultisol (Typic Paleudult) originating from Caiuá sandstone in the northwestern part of the State of Paraná, Brazil. Two soil tillage systems were evaluated: conventional tillage (CT) in the entire area and strip tillage (ST) (strip width 2 m), in combination with different ground cover management systems. The citrus cultivar 'Pera' orange (Citrus sinensis) grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime rootstock was used. Soil samples were collected after five years of treatment from a depth of 0-15 cm, under the tree canopy and in the inter-row, in the following treatments: (1) CT and an annual cover crop with the leguminous species Calopogonium mucunoides; (2) CT and a perennial cover crop with the leguminous peanut Arachis pintoi; (3) CT and an evergreen cover crop with Bahiagrass Paspalum notatum; (4) CT and a cover crop with spontaneous Brachiaria humidicola grass vegetation; and (5) ST and maintenance of the remaining grass (pasture) of Brachiaria humidicola. Soil tillage and the different cover species influenced the microbial biomass, both under the tree canopy and in the inter-row. The cultivation of brachiaria increased C and N in the microbial biomass, while bahiagrass increased P in the microbial biomass. The soil microbial biomass was enriched in N and P by the presence of ground cover species and according to the soil P content. The grass species increased C, N and P in the soil microbial biomass from the inter-row more than leguminous species.

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