THERMOREGULATION IN COLONIES OF VESPULA ARENARIA AND VESPULA MACULATA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE): III. HEAT PRODUCTION IN QUEEN NESTS

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Gibo ◽  
A. Temporale ◽  
T. P. Lamarre ◽  
B. M. Soutar ◽  
H. E. Dew
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Nest Temperature ◽  
Energy Expenditures

AbstractThe V. arenaria queen was able to heat her nest shortly after it was constructed, and expended up to 550 cal per hour per gram of biomass to accomplish this. In contrast, the V. maculata colony was not heated until it was 11 days old, by which time the brood consisted of about 15–20 large larvae which probably played a major role in the heat production process. When both colonies were about 2 weeks old, energy expenditures of more than 400 cal/h could be maintained for several hours, and the nest temperature could be elevated as much as 4°C above the ambient. During these periods the larvae probably accounted for as much as 66–71% of this energy expenditure. In addition to playing an active role in heating the nest, the larvae apparently provide the queen with a food source while she is producing heat during non-foraging periods.

Heat production of rat anococcygeus muscle during isometric contraction

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (4) ◽  
pp. C536-C542 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Walker ◽  
I. R. Wendt ◽  
C. L. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Isometric Contractions ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Anococcygeus Muscle ◽  
Cross Bridge ◽  
Time Integral ◽  
Rat Anococcygeus Muscle ◽  
Cross Bridges

Heat production, unloaded shortening velocity (Vus), and load-bearing capacity (LBC) were studied in the isolated rat anococcygeus muscle during isometric contractions at 27 degrees C. The relation between the total suprabasal heat produced and the stress-time integral for isometric contractions of various durations was curvilinear, demonstrating a decreasing slope as contractile duration increased. The rate of heat production at 600 s was approximately 68% of the peak value of 6.55 mW/g that occurred at 10 s. At the same time, force rose from a mean of 92 mN/mm2 at 10 s to a value of 140 mN/mm2 at 600 s. This produced a nearly threefold increase in the economy of force maintenance. The decline in the rate of heat production was accompanied by a decline in Vus from 0.56 Lo/s at 10 s to 0.28 Lo/s at 600 s, where Lo is the length for optimal force development. This suggests the fall in the rate of heat production was caused, at least in part, by a slowing of cross-bridge kinetics. The ratio of LBC to developed tension at 10 s was not significantly different from the ratio at 600 s, suggesting that the increase in tension was due to an increased number of attached cross bridges. The decline in heat production, therefore, appears contradictory, since an increased number of attached cross bridges would predict an increased rate of energy expenditure. The observations can be reconciled if either 1) the increase in force is caused by a progressive increase in the attachment time of a constant number of cross bridges that cycle at a lower frequency or 2) the decline in energy expenditure caused by the slowing of cross-bridge cycling is sufficient to mask the increase caused by the recruitment of additional cross bridges.

scholarly journals Effects of photoperiod on daily locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and feeding behavior in a seasonal mammal

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (5) ◽  
pp. R1409-R1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Warner ◽  
Preeti H. Jethwa ◽  
Catherine A. Wyse ◽  
Helen I'Anson ◽  
John M. Brameld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Activity Energy

The objective of this study was to determine whether the previously observed effects of photoperiod on body weight in Siberian hamsters were due to changes in the daily patterns of locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and/or feeding behavior. Adult males were monitored through a seasonal cycle using an automated comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system (CLAMS). Exposure to a short-day photoperiod (SD; 8:16-h light-dark cycle) induced a significant decline in body weight, and oxygen consumption (V̇o2), carbon dioxide production (V̇co2), and heat production all decreased reaching a nadir by 16 wk of SD. Clear daily rhythms in locomotor activity, V̇o2, and V̇co2 were observed at the start of the study, but these all progressively diminished after prolonged exposure to SD. Rhythms in feeding behavior were also detected initially, reflecting an increase in meal frequency but not duration during the dark phase. This rhythm was lost by 8 wk of SD exposure such that food intake was relatively constant across dark and light phases. After 18 wk in SD, hamsters were transferred to a long-day photoperiod (LD; 16:8-h light-dark cycle), which induced significant weight gain. This was associated with an increase in energy intake within 2 wk, while V̇o2, V̇co2, and heat production all increased back to basal levels. Rhythmicity was reestablished within 4 wk of reexposure to long days. These results demonstrate that photoperiod impacts on body weight via complex changes in locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and feeding behavior, with a striking loss of daily rhythms during SD exposure.

Measurement of ‘Basal’ and Total Metabolism in Hereditarily Obese-Hyperglycemic Mice

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth McClintock ◽  
Nathan Lifson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Isotope Method

Measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were made by the Haldane open circuit method on hereditarily obese mice and littermate controls, and the energy expenditures were estimated. Studies were made on mice for short periods under ‘basal’ conditions, and for periods of approximately a day with the mice fasted and confined, fasted and relatively unconfined, and fed and unconfined. The total energy expenditures of fed and unconfined obese mice were found to be higher than those of nonobese littermate controls by virtue of a) increased ‘basal metabolism’, b) greater energy expenditure associated with feeding, and possibly c) larger energy output for activity despite reduced voluntary movement. The values obtained for total metabolism confirm those previously determined by an isotope method for measuring CO2 output.

Caloric Intake and Energy Expenditures in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari Eli ◽  
Nicholas Li
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Physical Activity Levels

Abstract Total energy expenditures for the Indian population between 1983 and 2012 are estimated to shed light on the debate concerning falling measured caloric intake during the period (A. Deaton and J. Drèze. 2009. “Food and Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations.” Economic and Political Weekly 44(7): 42–65). Anthropometric, time-use, and detailed employment surveys are used to estimate the separate components of total energy expenditure related to metabolism and physical activity levels. Despite a significant drop in adult physical activity levels, total energy expenditures are flat overall between 1983 and 2012. Rising metabolic requirements due to increases in weight dampened the effect of falling activity levels on total energy expenditure. In addition, the 10 percent decline in the population share of children in the period raised average total energy expenditures considerably as children have much lower metabolic requirements and activity levels than adults.

scholarly journals Energy metabolism in sedentary and active 49- to 70-yr-old women

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1333-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Withers ◽  
D. A. Smith ◽  
R. C. Tucker ◽  
M. Brinkman ◽  
D. G. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Statistical Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Living State

This study examined differences between long-term exercising (LE) and long-term nonexercising (LNE) women [ n = 24; age 56.4 ± 6.2 (SD) yr] for resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy expenditure in the free-living state by using doubly labeled water (DLW). There was a statistically significant difference ( P = 0.0002) between the 12 LE (94.85 ± 8.44 kJ ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1) and 12 LNE (81.16 ± 6.62 kJ ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1) for RMR, but this difference was only marginally significant ( P = 0.06) when the data (MJ/day) were subjected to an analysis of covariance with fat-free mass as the covariate. The DLW data indicated that the eight most active LE (12.99 ± 3.58 MJ/day) expended significantly ( P = 0.01) more energy than did the eight least active LNE (9.30 ± 1.15 MJ/day). Energy expenditures ranged from 7.64 to 18.15 MJ/day, but there was no difference ( P = 0.96) between the LE and LNE in energy expenditure during activity that was not designed to either improve or maintain fitness. These cross-sectional data on 49- to 70-yr-old women therefore suggest that 1) aerobic-type training results in a greater RMR per unit of body mass and also when statistical control is exerted for the effect of the metabolically active fat-free mass, 2) there is a large range in the energy intake necessary to maintain energy balance, and 3) aerobic training does not result in a compensatory reduction in energy expenditure during the remainder of the day.

Activity and energy expenditure in laying hens: 3. The energy cost of eating and posture

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Kampen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe influence of standing, spontaneous activity and eating on heat production was determined.The extra heat production of standing is negatively correlated with the length of standing period. In a short standing period of 30 min the associated activity, pecking against the respirometer wall and fluffing the feathers, was high and the heat production was increased by 25% compared with that during sitting. After standing for 1½ h spontaneous activity was very low and the difference in heat production between the standing and sitting bird was reduced by 9%.During eating the heat production increased by an average of 37% (range 11–68%); this was due mainly to the act of eating per se and not to the work of digestion.The mean energy cost of eating was calculated to be 143 J/kg0·75/min spent eating.

Travel in alpine terrain: energy expenditures for locomotion by mountain goats and bighorn sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2368-2375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V. Dailey ◽  
N. Thompson Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Mountain Goats ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Snow Conditions

We used indirect calorimetry to measure energy expenditure for locomotion by three mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) and five bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in response to variation in level of activity, slope of travel, and snow conditions. The energetic increment of standing over lying averaged 26% for the two species. We could detect no difference between species in the net cost of travel on level surfaces [Formula: see text]. Energy expended by bighorn sheep and mountain goats for lifting 1 kg of body weight one vertical metre on a 21.5° slope (ca. 37 J/(kg∙m)) exceeded the highest cost documented for quadrupeds. Energy expended walking down a 21.5° slope exceeded energy expenditure for horizontal locomotion, or was recovered inefficiently (ca. 25% recovery of potential energy). The relative increase in the net cost of locomotion in snow achieved an asymptote when sinking depth exceeded 1.2–2.0 times brisket height. The slope of the relative increase in the net cost of locomotion as a function of sinking depth/brisket height was lower for mountain goats than for any North American ungulate studied to date. Consequently, mountain goats were less efficient than other species when snow was shallow, but were more efficient when it was deep. We explain this result on the basis of interspecific differences in locomotory behavior and foot loading.

Influence of somatotropin treatment of lactating cows on maintenance energy expenditures

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. McBride ◽  
J. H. Burton ◽  
G. K. MacLeod ◽  
R. J. Early
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Lactating Cows

The maintenance energy expenditure associated with Na+, K+-transport and protein synthesis within skeletal muscle was determined for rbST-treated and untreated cows. Somatotropin had no effect on elevating the respiration of skeletal muscle or the partitioning of maintenance energy expenditures within skeletal muscle. Key words: O2 consumption, somatotropin, Na+, K+-ATPase, protein synthesis

scholarly journals Energy expenditure related to the act of eating in Granadina goats given diets of different physical form

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lachia ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
Late C. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Fresh Cut

The energy cost of eating was measured in four goats averaging 38 kg and fitted with rumen cannulas. Heat production (HP) was estimated in each goat over restricted periods of approximately 15 min while standing and eating continuously in a confinement respiration chamber. The animals were given feeds of different nature and physical form ranging from shrubs to concentrates. The energy cost of eating was calculated from the increment in HP above the average HP during the prefeeding period. The energy cost was related to the type and amount of feed consumed and also to the time spent eating. In a parallel experiment, similar amounts of the feeds eaten normally (oral feeding) were introduced into the rumen through a fistula. The increases in HP during and after fistula-feeding were negligible, which indicates that all of the increase in HP during eating is to be attributed to the energy cost of eating per se, mainly to theact of food prehension, mastication and propulsion in the alimentary tract. The rate of ingestion (g DM/min) ranged from 6·3 for fresh cut lucerne (Medicago sativa) to 46-99 for concentrates. The energy cost of eating (J/kg body weight (BW) per g DM) averaged 7·08 for fresh cut lucerne, 9·02 for roughages and 1·55 for concentrates and was 2·24 and 4·75 for pelleted and chopped lucerne hay respectively. When theenergy cost was expressed as a function of time spent eating, it ranged from 45 to 144 J/kg BW per min, depending on the physical form of the feed.

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